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of one's own growth

  • 1 of\ one's\ own\ growth

    saját nevelésű, saját termesztésű

    English-Hungarian dictionary > of\ one's\ own\ growth

  • 2 wine of (one's) own growth

    Макаров: вино из собственного винограда

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > wine of (one's) own growth

  • 3 wine of own growth

    Макаров: (one's) вино из собственного винограда

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > wine of own growth

  • 4 growth

    noun
    1) (of industry, economy, population) Wachstum, das (of, in Gen.); (of interest, illiteracy) Zunahme, die (of, in Gen.); attrib. Wachstums[hormon, -rate]
    2) (of organisms, amount grown) Wachstum, das
    3) (thing grown) Vegetation, die; Pflanzenwuchs, der
    4) (Med.) Geschwulst, die; Gewächs, das
    * * *
    [-Ɵ]
    1) (the act or process of growing, increasing, developing etc: the growth of trade unionism.) das Wachsen
    2) (something that has grown: a week's growth of beard.) der Wuchs
    3) (the amount by which something grows: to measure the growth of a plant.) die Zunahme
    4) (something unwanted which grows: a cancerous growth.) die Wucherung
    * * *
    [grəʊθ, AM groʊθ]
    n
    1. no pl (in size) Wachstum nt
    plant \growth Pflanzenwuchs m, Pflanzenwachstum nt
    to reach full \growth ausgewachsen sein
    2. no pl (increase) Wachstum nt, Zunahme f, Anstieg m
    rate of \growth Wachstumsrate f, Zuwachsrate f
    \growth industry Wachstumsindustrie f
    3. no pl (development) Entwicklung f; of sb's character, intellect Entfaltung f; (in importance) Wachstum nt
    \growth area Entwicklungsgebiet nt
    4. (of plant) Trieb m, Schössling m
    there is new \growth sprouting in spring im Frühling sprießen neue Triebe
    5. no pl (whiskers) [wenige Tage alter] Bartwuchs
    to have a three days' \growth on one's chin einen Drei-Tage-Bart haben
    6. MED Geschwulst f, Wucherung f; (cancerous) Tumor m
    * * *
    [grəʊɵ]
    n
    1) Wachstum nt; (= increase in quantity, fig of love, interest etc) Zunahme f, Anwachsen nt; (= increase in size) Vergrößerung f, Wachstum nt; (of capital etc) Zuwachs m

    to reach full growth — seine/ihre volle Größe erreichen

    growth industry/stock — Wachstumsindustrie f/-aktien pl

    rate of export growth — Wachstums- or Zuwachsrate f im Export

    2) (= plants) Vegetation f; (of one plant) Triebe pl

    with two days' growth (of beard) on his face — mit zwei Tage alten Bartstoppeln

    3) (MED) Gewächs nt, Wucherung f
    * * *
    growth [ɡrəʊθ] s
    1. Wachsen n, Wachstum n (beide auch fig):
    a four days’ growth of beard ein Viertagebart m
    2. Wuchs m, Größe f
    3. fig Anwachsen n, Zunahme f, Zuwachs m ( alle:
    in gen): → academic.ru/60341/rate">rate1 A 1
    4. fig Entwicklung f
    5. BOT Schössling m, Trieb m
    6. Erzeugnis n, Produkt n
    7. Anbau m:
    of foreign growth ausländisch;
    of one’s own growth selbst gezogen
    8. MED Gewächs n, Wucherung f
    * * *
    noun
    1) (of industry, economy, population) Wachstum, das (of, in Gen.); (of interest, illiteracy) Zunahme, die (of, in Gen.); attrib. Wachstums[hormon, -rate]
    2) (of organisms, amount grown) Wachstum, das
    3) (thing grown) Vegetation, die; Pflanzenwuchs, der
    4) (Med.) Geschwulst, die; Gewächs, das
    * * *
    (vegetation) n.
    Bewuchs -¨e m. n.
    Auswuchs -¨e m.
    Entwicklung f.
    Geschwulst f.
    Gewachs -¨e n.
    Gewächs -e n.
    Wachstum -¨er n.
    Wuchs nur sing. m.
    Zuwachs m.

    English-german dictionary > growth

  • 5 growth

    [grəʋθ] n
    1. рост; развитие

    to attain full growth - достичь полного развития, достичь зрелости

    a period of rapid growth - период быстрого роста /развития/

    growth in storeys - лес. ярусный рост ( деревьев в лесу)

    2. 1) прирост (тж. rate of growth)

    the boy has shown a growth of two inches over the summer - за лето мальчик вырос на два дюйма

    2) увеличение; усиление; распространение
    3. 1) выращивание, культивирование

    apples of foreign growth - привозные /импортные/ яблоки

    2) рост, произрастание
    3) культура ( бактерий)
    4. 1) плод; продукт, предмет выращивания
    2) растительность; поросль
    3) щетина

    he had a week's growth on his chin - он не брился целую неделю, у него была недельная щетина

    4) урожай

    second growth - а) второй урожай; б) отава

    5. мед. опухоль, новообразование

    malignant [cancerous] growth - злокачественная [раковая] опухоль

    НБАРС > growth

  • 6 growth

    -Ɵ
    1) (the act or process of growing, increasing, developing etc: the growth of trade unionism.) vekst
    2) (something that has grown: a week's growth of beard.) vekst, produksjon, avling
    3) (the amount by which something grows: to measure the growth of a plant.) vekst, utvikling
    4) (something unwanted which grows: a cancerous growth.) svulst, utvekst
    ontogenese
    --------
    svulst
    --------
    vekst
    subst. \/ɡrəʊθ\/
    1) vekst
    2) tilvekst, utvidelse
    3) vekst, utvikling
    4) økning, stigning
    5) avling, produksjon, dyrking
    6) vegetasjon, vekst
    7) bestand
    8) forklaring: vin av en bestemt kvalitet
    9) ( medisin) svulst, utvekst
    growth of hair hårvekst
    of foreign growth av utenlandsk herkomst, utenlandsk
    of one's own growth av egen produksjon, hjemmelaget
    reach full growth bli fullt utvokst, være fullt utvokst
    a weeks growth of beard ukegammelt skjegg

    English-Norwegian dictionary > growth

  • 7 growth

    n
    1) ріст; зростання; розвиток
    2) приріст; збільшення; посилення
    3) вирощування, культивування
    4) виростання
    5) біол. культура (бактерій)
    6) плід; продукт; предмет вирощування
    7) рослинність, поросль
    8) мед. пухлина, новоутворення
    * * *
    n
    1) ріст; розвиток
    2) приріст (тж. rate of growth); збільшення; посилення; поширення
    3) вирощування, культивування

    the growth of fruit — плодівництво; ріст, виростання (напр, про рослини); культура ( бактерій)

    4) плід; продукт, предмет вирощування; рослинність; поросль; щетина; урожай
    5) мeд. пухлина, новоутворення

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > growth

  • 8 shadow

    1. noun
    1) Schatten, der

    cast a shadow over — (lit. or fig.) einen Schatten werfen auf (+ Akk.)

    be in somebody's shadow — (fig.) in jemandes Schatten stehen

    be afraid of one's own shadow — (fig.) sich vor seinem eigenen Schatten fürchten

    2) (slightest trace)

    without a shadow of doubt — ohne den Schatten eines Zweifels

    catch at or chase after shadows — einem Phantom od. (geh.) Schatten nachjagen

    3) (ghost, lit. or fig.) Schatten, der
    4)

    Shadow — attrib. (Brit. Polit.) [Minister, Kanzler] im Schattenkabinett

    Shadow Cabinet — Schattenkabinett, das

    2. transitive verb
    1) (darken) überschatten
    2) (follow secretly) beschatten
    •• Cultural note:
    * * *
    ['ʃædəu] 1. noun
    1) ((a patch of) shade on the ground etc caused by an object blocking the light: We are in the shadow of that building.) der Schatten
    2) ((in plural with the) darkness or partial darkness caused by lack of (direct) light: The child was afraid that wild animals were lurking in the shadows at the corner of his bedroom.) der Schatten
    3) (a dark patch or area: You look tired - there are shadows under your eyes.) der Schatten
    4) (a very slight amount: There's not a shadow of doubt that he stole the money.) die Spur
    2. verb
    1) (to hide or darken with shadow: A broad hat shadowed her face.) beschatten
    2) (to follow closely, especially as a detective, spy etc: We shadowed him for a week.) beschatten
    •
    - academic.ru/66334/shadowy">shadowy
    - shadowiness
    - worn to a shadow
    * * *
    shad·ow
    [ˈʃædəʊ, AM -oʊ]
    I. n
    1. (produced by light) Schatten m
    to be in \shadow im Schatten sein [o liegen]
    to cast a \shadow on [or over] sth/sb [s]einen Schatten auf etw/jdn werfen; ( fig)
    her father's illness cast a \shadow over the birth of the baby die Geburt ihres Babys war von der Krankheit ihres Vaters überschattet
    memories of the war still cast a long/dark \shadow over relations between the two countries die Erinnerung an den Krieg wirft noch immer einen langen/dunklen Schatten auf die Beziehungen beider Länder
    to follow sb like a \shadow jdm wie ein Schatten folgen
    to throw a \shadow across sth einen Schatten auf etw akk werfen
    in [or under] the \shadow of sth im Schatten von etw dat
    into the/out of \shadows in den/aus dem Schatten
    2. (under eye) Augenring m, Augenschatten m
    she had dark \shadows under her eyes sie hatte dunkle Ringe unter den Augen
    3. (on X-ray) Schatten m
    4. (smallest trace) Hauch m, Anflug m
    there isn't even a \shadow of doubt es besteht nicht der leiseste [o geringste] Zweifel
    5. (secret follower) Schatten m, Beschatter(in) m(f); (constant follower) ständiger Begleiter/ständige Begleiterin
    Nina was her big sister's \shadow Nina wich ihrer großen Schwester nicht von der Seite
    6. (trainee observing employee) Auszubildender, der einem bestimmten Angestellten zugeordnet ist und durch Beobachtung von ihm lernt
    7. TELEC Schatten m
    8.
    ▶ to be afraid [or frightened] [or scared] of one's own \shadow sich akk vor seinem eigenen Schatten fürchten
    ▶ to be a \shadow of one's former self [nur noch] ein Schatten seiner selbst sein
    ▶ a \shadow hangs over sb/sth ein Schatten liegt auf jdm/etw
    ▶ to live/be in [or under] the \shadow of sth von etw dat bedroht sein
    ▶ to be a pale \shadow of sb/sth im Vergleich zu jdm/etw schlecht abschneiden
    ▶ to be under [or in] sb's \shadow in jds Schatten stehen
    ▶ to wear oneself to a \shadow sich akk kaputtmachen [o gesundheitlich ruinieren
    II. vt
    ▪ to \shadow sth etw verdunkeln [o überschatten]
    a glade \shadowed by trees eine von Bäumen beschattete Lichtung
    ▪ to \shadow sb/sth jdn/etw beschatten
    his every move was \shadowed by a private detective er wurde auf Schritt und Tritt von einem Privatdetektiv beschattet
    3. SPORT (stay close to)
    ▪ to \shadow sb jdn decken [o bewachen
    4. FIN (be closely linked to)
    ▪ to \shadow sth mit etw dat verknüpft sein, mit etw dat einhergehen
    5. (at work)
    ▪ to \shadow sb sich akk ständig an jdn halten
    III. adj attr, inv BRIT, AUS Schatten-
    \shadow cabinet Schattenkabinett nt
    S\shadow Foreign Minister Außenminister(in) m(f) im Schattenkabinett
    * * *
    ['ʃdəʊ]
    1. n
    1) (lit, fig) Schatten m (ALSO MED, ART); (= growth of beard) Anflug m von Bartstoppeln; (fig = threat) (Be)drohung f

    in the shadows —

    to wear oneself to a shadow — sich aufreiben, sich zugrunde or zu Grunde richten

    to be just a shadow of one's former self — nur noch ein Schatten seiner selbst sein

    2) (= trace) Spur f
    3) (= person following sb) Schatten m
    2. attr (Brit POL)
    Schatten-

    shadow Foreign Secretary — Schattenaußenminister(in) m(f), Außenminister(in) m(f) des Schattenkabinetts

    3. vt
    1) (= darken) Schatten werfen auf (+acc); (fig) überschatten
    2) (= follow) beschatten (inf)
    * * *
    shadow [ˈʃædəʊ]
    A s
    1. Schatten m ( auch MAL und fig):
    in the shadows im Schatten;
    be in shadow im Schatten liegen;
    be afraid ( oder frightened) of one’s own shadow sich vor seinem eigenen Schatten fürchten;
    be ( oder live) in sb’s shadow in jemandes Schatten stehen;
    their relationship wasn’t without shadows ihre Beziehung war nicht ungetrübt;
    cast a ( oder its) shadow over einen oder seinen Schatten werfen auf (akk);
    live in the shadow im Verborgenen leben;
    he is only a shadow of his former self er ist nur noch ein Schatten seiner selbst;
    wear o.s. to a shadow sich völlig aufreiben;
    be worn to a shadow völlig kaputt sein;
    coming events cast their shadows before kommende Ereignisse werfen ihre Schatten voraus;
    may your shadow never grow ( oder be) less obs oder poet möge es dir immer gut gehen
    2. pl (Abend)Dämmerung f, Dunkel(heit) n(f)
    3. fig Schutz m:
    4. fig Schatten m, Spur f:
    be beyond the shadow of a doubt über allen Zweifel erhaben sein;
    there’s not a ( oder the) shadow of a doubt about es besteht nicht der geringste Zweifel an (dat)
    5. Schatten m (schemenhafte Gestalt):
    catch at ( oder chase after) shadows fig einem Phantom oder Schatten nachjagen
    6. MED
    a) Schatten m (im Röntgenbild)
    b) have shadows under the eyes Schatten unter den Augen haben
    7. fig Schatten m:
    a) ständiger Begleiter:
    his dog was his shadow auch sein Hund folgte ihm wie ein Schatten oder auf Schritt und Tritt
    b) Verfolger m:
    put a shadow on sb einen Schatten auf jemanden ansetzen
    8. RADIO, TV Empfangsloch n
    9. FOTO, TV dunkle Bildstelle
    B adj POL Br Schatten…, im Schattenkabinett:
    shadow cabinet Schattenkabinett n
    C v/t
    1. einen Schatten werfen auf (akk), überschatten (beide auch fig)
    2. fig jemanden beschatten (verfolgen, überwachen)
    3. auch shadow forth fig dunkel andeuten
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Schatten, der

    cast a shadow over — (lit. or fig.) einen Schatten werfen auf (+ Akk.)

    be in somebody's shadow — (fig.) in jemandes Schatten stehen

    be afraid of one's own shadow — (fig.) sich vor seinem eigenen Schatten fürchten

    catch at or chase after shadows — einem Phantom od. (geh.) Schatten nachjagen

    3) (ghost, lit. or fig.) Schatten, der
    4)

    Shadow — attrib. (Brit. Polit.) [Minister, Kanzler] im Schattenkabinett

    Shadow Cabinet — Schattenkabinett, das

    2. transitive verb
    1) (darken) überschatten
    2) (follow secretly) beschatten
    •• Cultural note:
    * * *
    n.
    Schatten - m. v.
    jemanden beschatten ausdr.
    jemanden verfolgen ausdr.
    verdunkeln v.

    English-german dictionary > shadow

  • 9 personal

    1) (one's own: This is his personal opinion; The matter will have my personal attention.) personal
    2) (private: This is a personal matter between him and me.) personal
    3) (in person: The Prime Minister will make a personal appearance.) en persona
    4) ((making remarks which are) insulting, especially about a person's appearance etc: personal remarks; Don't be personal!) indiscreto, maleducado, ofensivo
    1. personal
    2. personal / privado


    personal adjetivo personal; ■ sustantivo masculino (de fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff ( sing or pl); estamos escasos de personal we're short-staffed
    personal
    I adjetivo personal
    una carta personal, a private letter
    II sustantivo masculino (trabajadores) staff, personnel ' personal' also found in these entries: Spanish: consignar - contingente - dato - efecto - escala - interés - jefa - jefe - lavandería - llave - objeto - particular - pasar - placa - plana - plano - presente - primar - privada - privado - abandonar - ampliación - ampliar - aseo - auxiliar - bien - citar - computadora - consultorio - coqueto - defensa - dejadez - dejado - despedir - diario - falta - historial - insuficiencia - intimidad - número - palacio - patrimonio - PC - planilla - plantilla - reducción - tarjeta - uno English: accustom - achievement - agree - appreciate - averse - balloon - battle - cleanliness - computer - dear - decision - decision making - delay - despite - diary - dodge - employ - excuse - exploit - first-hand - gap - heart-to-heart - love - maintenance staff - mate - myself - neglect - office staff - PA - pc - personal - personal best - personal computer - personal pronoun - personally - personnel - personnel department - personnel management - private - private income - put off - referee - self-improvement - self-interest - short-staffed - staff - staff meeting - staff training - staffing - strength
    tr['pɜːsənəl]
    1 (private) personal, privado,-a
    2 (own) particular, personal
    3 (individual) personal
    4 (physical - appearance) personal; (hygiene) íntimo,-a, personal
    5 (in person) en persona
    6 (rude) ofensivo,-a
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to get personal hacer alusiones personales
    personal assistant secretario,-a personal
    personal best SMALLSPORT/SMALL mejor marca
    personal ['pərsənəl] adj
    1) own, private: personal, particular, privado
    for personal reasons: por razones personales
    2) : en persona
    to make a personal appearance: presentarse en persona, hacerse acto de presencia
    3) : íntimo, personal
    personal hygiene: higiene personal
    4) indiscreet, prying: indiscreto, personal
    adj.
    • corporal adj.
    • en persona adj.
    • mobiliario, -a adj.
    • personal adj.
    • privado, -a adj.
    • privativo, -a adj.
    n.
    • remitido s.m.

    I 'pɜːrsṇəl, 'pɜːsənḷ
    1)
    a) ( own) <experience/preference> personal; < property> privado
    b) ( private) personal
    c) ( individual) <account/loan> personal

    personal identification number — número m de identificación personal, PIN m

    2)
    a) ( in person) < appearance> en persona
    b) ( physical) < hygiene> íntimo; < appearance> personal

    it's nothing personal, but... — no tengo nada contra ti (or ella etc), pero...


    II
    noun (AmE) anuncio m personal
    ['pɜːsnl]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=individual) personal

    • I will give it my personal attention — me encargaré personalmente

    • I know from personal experience that it's not easy — sé por experiencia personal que no es fácil

    • it's an attack on their personal freedom — es un ataque contra su libertad personal

    • he was a personal friend — era un amigo íntimo or personal

    • to have/take a personal interest in sth — tener un interés personal en or por algo, interesarse personalmente en or por algo

    • my personal opinion is that... — en mi opinión personal...

    • it is a matter of personal preference — es una cuestión de preferencia personal

    • are you willing to take personal responsibility for her? — ¿estás dispuesto a responsabilizarte personalmente de ella?

    • if you continue with this investigation you do so at great personal risk — si continúa con esta investigación correrá usted un gran riesgo contra su persona

    • to give sth the personal touch — dar a algo el toque personal

    2) (=private) personal

    personal — (on letter) confidencial

    • personal belongings — efectos mpl or cosas fpl personales

    • they don't allow personal calls on the office phone — no permiten que se hagan llamadas particulares en el teléfono de la oficina

    • she refused to discuss her personal life — se negó a discutir su vida personal or privada

    • this was a personal matter, something between us two — este era un asunto personal, algo entre nosotros dos

    • for personal reasons — por razones personales

    • personal space — espacio m vital

    • two telephones, one for personal use and the other for business — dos teléfonos, uno para uso personal y el otro para los negocios

    3) (=in person) [visit, interview] en persona

    • to make a personal appearance — hacer acto de presencia

    4) (=against the person) [abuse, insult] de carácter personal

    • there's no need to get personal — no hace falta llevar las cosas al terreno personal

    • they are suing for personal injury — van a denunciar por daños contra la persona

    • I have nothing personal against him — no tengo nada personal en contra suya

    • to ask personal questions — hacer preguntas personales or de carácter personal

    • to make personal remarks (about sb) — hacer comentarios de carácter personal acerca de or sobre algn

    5) (=physical) personal

    • personal appearance — aspecto m (físico)

    • personal cleanliness — aseo m personal

    • personal hygiene — higiene f personal

    2.
    N (US) (Journalism) (=advert) anuncio m personal, aviso m personal (LAm)
    3.
    CPD

    personal account N — (Econ) cuenta f personal

    personal ad * N — anuncio m personal, aviso m personal (LAm)

    personal allowance N — (for tax) desgravación f personal

    personal assets NPL — bienes mpl muebles

    personal assistant N — ayudante mf personal (to de)

    personal best N — (Sport) marca f personal

    personal care N — (for the elderly or infirm) asistencia f personal

    personal chair N (Brit) —

    • to have a personal chair — ser titular de una cátedra

    personal cleanliness N — higiene f personal, aseo m personal

    personal column N — (Brit) (for births, deaths and marriages) (páginas fpl) sociales fpl (y necrológicas); (for lonely hearts) (sección f de) anuncios mpl personales

    personal computer N — ordenador m or (LAm) computadora f personal

    personal details NPL — (=name, address) datos mpl personales

    please fill in your personal details on the attached form — por favor, rellene el formulario adjunto con sus datos personales

    personal digital assistant N — agenda f electrónica, PDA m

    personal effects NPL — efectos mpl personales

    personal finance N — finanzas fpl personales

    personal foul N — falta f personal

    personal growth N — crecimiento m personal

    personal identification number N — número m de identificación personal

    personal income N — ingresos mpl personales

    personal income tax N — impuesto m sobre la renta de las personas físicas

    personal injury N — daños mpl y perjuicios

    personal insurance N — seguro m personal

    personal loan N — préstamo m personal

    personal organizer N — (paper) agenda f personal; (electronic) agenda f personal electrónica

    personal pronoun N — pronombre m personal

    personal property N — (Jur) bienes mpl (muebles); (private) cosas fpl personales

    personal secretary N — secretario(-a) m / f personal

    personal security N — (=safety) seguridad f personal; (on loan) garantía f personal

    personal shopper N — asistente mf personal de compras

    personal stereo N — Walkman ® m, equipo m de música personal

    personal tuition N — clases fpl particulares

    * * *

    I ['pɜːrsṇəl, 'pɜːsənḷ]
    1)
    a) ( own) <experience/preference> personal; < property> privado
    b) ( private) personal
    c) ( individual) <account/loan> personal

    personal identification number — número m de identificación personal, PIN m

    2)
    a) ( in person) < appearance> en persona
    b) ( physical) < hygiene> íntimo; < appearance> personal

    it's nothing personal, but... — no tengo nada contra ti (or ella etc), pero...


    II
    noun (AmE) anuncio m personal

    English-spanish dictionary > personal

  • 10 rate

    1. noun
    1) (proportion) Rate, die

    increase at a rate of 50 a week — [um] 50 pro Woche anwachsen

    rate of inflation/absentee rate — Inflations-/Abwesenheitsrate, die

    2) (tariff) Satz, der

    interest/ taxation rate, rate of interest/taxation — Zins-/Steuersatz, der

    3) (amount of money) Gebühr, die

    rate [of pay] — Lohnsatz, der

    letter/parcel rate — Briefporto, das/Paketgebühr, die

    4) (speed) Geschwindigkeit, die; Tempo, das

    at a or the rate of 50 mph — mit [einer Geschwindigkeit von] 80 km/h

    at a good/fast/dangerous rate — zügig/mit hoher Geschwindigkeit/gefährlich schnell

    5) (Brit.): (local authority levy)

    [local or council] rates — Gemeindeabgaben

    6) (coll.)

    at any rate — (at least) zumindest; wenigstens; (whatever happens) auf jeden Fall

    at this rate we won't get any work done — so kriegen wir gar nichts fertig (ugs.)

    at the rate you're going,... — (fig.) wenn du so weitermachst,...

    2. transitive verb
    1) (estimate worth of) schätzen [Vermögen]; einschätzen [Intelligenz, Leistung, Fähigkeit]

    rate somebody/something highly — jemanden/etwas hoch einschätzen

    2) (consider) betrachten; rechnen ( among zu)

    be rated the top tennis player in Europe — als der beste Tennisspieler Europas gelten

    3) (Brit.): (value)

    the house is rated at £100 a year — die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Gemeindeabgaben für das Haus beträgt 100 Pfund pro Jahr

    4) (merit) verdienen [Auszeichnung, Erwähnung]
    3. intransitive verb
    * * *
    [reit] 1. noun
    1) (the number of occasions within a given period of time when something happens or is done: a high (monthly) accident rate in a factory.) die Rate
    2) (the number or amount of something (in relation to something else); a ratio: There was a failure rate of one pupil in ten in the exam.) die Quote
    3) (the speed with which something happens or is done: He works at a tremendous rate; the rate of increase/expansion.) die Geschwindigkeit
    4) (the level (of pay), cost etc (of or for something): What is the rate of pay for this job?) der Satz
    2. verb
    (to estimate or be estimated, with regard to worth, merit, value etc: I don't rate this book very highly; He doesn't rate very highly as a dramatist in my estimation.) einschätzen, gelten als
    - academic.ru/60358/rating">rating
    - at this
    - at that rate
    - rate of exchange
    * * *
    [reɪt]
    I. n
    1. (speed) Geschwindigkeit f
    at a fast/slow \rate schnell/langsam
    at a tremendous \rate rasend schnell
    at one's own \rate in seinem eigenen Rhythmus [o Tempo]
    \rate of fall PHYS Fallgeschwindigkeit f
    \rate of flow TECH Durchflussmenge f
    \rate of growth Wachstumsrate f
    2. (measure) Maß nt, Menge f
    in the winter months there is usually a rise in the \rate of absenteeism in den Wintermonaten kommt es gewöhnlich zu einer Zunahme der Ausfälle
    growth/inflation \rate Wachstums-/Inflationsrate f
    mortality \rate Sterblichkeitsrate f, Sterblichkeitsziffer f
    unemployment \rate Arbeitslosenrate f, Arbeitslosenzahlen pl
    3. (payment) Satz m
    we agreed a \rate with the painter before he started work wir haben einen Stundensatz mit dem Maler vereinbart, bevor er mit der Arbeit begann
    the going \rate die übliche Bezahlung
    4. (premium payable) Zinssatz m; (excise payable) Steuersatz m
    fixed/variable \rate fester/variabler Zinssatz
    high/low \rate of interest/taxation [or interest/taxation \rate] hoher/niedriger Zins-/Steuersatz
    interest \rates have risen again die Zinsen sind wieder gestiegen
    the country has a high taxation \rate in dem Land sind die Steuern sehr hoch
    5. FIN (amount of interest paid) Rate f
    \rate of return Rendite f
    6. FIN (value of a currency) Kurs m, Wechselkurs m
    exchange \rate [or \rate of exchange] Wechselkurs m
    to calculate costs on a fixed exchange \rate die Kosten berechnen anhand eines festen Wechselkurses
    cross \rate Kreuzkurs m
    forward \rate Devisenterminkurs m
    managed \rate FIN kontrollierter Kurs
    seller's \rate Verkaufskurs m
    7. BRIT, AUS ( dated: local tax)
    ▪ \rates pl Haus- und Grundsteuern pl
    8. COMPUT Rate f
    9.
    ▶ at any \rate (whatever happens) auf jeden Fall; (at least) zumindest, wenigstens
    I don't think they liked my idea — at any \rate, they didn't show much enthusiasm ich glaube nicht, dass sie meine Idee gut fanden — zumindest zeigten sie keine große Begeisterung
    ▶ at this \rate unter diesen Umständen
    ▶ at a \rate of knots ( fam) in null Komma nichts fam
    II. vt
    ▪ to \rate sb/sth jdn/etw einschätzen
    how do you \rate the new government? was halten Sie von der neuen Regierung?
    she is \rated very highly by the people she works for die Leute, für die sie arbeitet, halten große Stücke auf sie
    she \rates him among her closest friends sie zählt ihn zu ihren engsten Freunden
    ▪ to \rate sb as sth:
    how do you \rate him as a footballer? was hältst du von ihm als Fußballer? fam; ( fam)
    what do you think of her as a singer? — I don't really \rate her wie findest du sie als Sängerin? — nicht so toll fam
    2. (be worthy of)
    to \rate a mention der Rede wert [o erwähnenswert] sein
    3. BRIT, AUS ( dated: value)
    ▪ to \rate sth den besteuerbaren Wert einer S. gen schätzen, etw veranlagen
    they \rate the property in this area very heavily Immobilienbesitz in dieser Gegend wird sehr hoch besteuert
    ▪ to \rate sth etw abschätzen
    III. vi
    ▪ to \rate as sth als etw gelten
    that \rates as the worst film I've ever seen das war so ziemlich der schlechteste Film, den ich jemals gesehen habe
    * * *
    I [reɪt]
    1. n
    1) (= ratio, proportion, frequency) Rate f; (= speed) Tempo nt

    an hour/14 feet per minute —

    rate, at a rate of knots (inf) — in irrsinnigem Tempo (inf); (move also) mit hundert Sachen

    if you continue at this rate (lit, fig) — wenn du so weitermachst, wenn du in diesem Tempo weitermachst

    at the rate you're going you'll be dead before long — wenn du so weitermachst, bist du bald unter der Erde

    at any rate —

    at that rate, I suppose I'll have to agree — wenn das so ist, muss ich wohl zustimmen

    2) (COMM, FIN) Satz m; (ST EX) Kurs m

    rate of pay for overtime — Satz m für Überstunden

    postage/advertising/insurance rates — Post-/Werbe-/Versicherungsgebühren pl

    to pay sb at the rate of £10 per hour — jdm einen Stundenlohn von £ 10 bezahlen

    3) pl (dated Brit = municipal tax) Gemeindesteuern pl, Kommunalsteuern pl
    See:
    → water rate
    2. vt
    1) (= estimate value or worth of) (ein)schätzen

    to rate sb/sth among... — jdn/etw zu... zählen or rechnen

    to rate sb/sth as sth — jdn/etw für etw halten

    he is generally rated as a great statesman — er gilt allgemein als großer Staatsmann

    to rate sb/sth highly — jdn/etw hoch einschätzen

    Shearer was rated at £1,000,000 — Shearers Preis wurde auf £ 1.000.000 geschätzt

    2) (Brit LOCAL GOVERNMENT) veranlagen

    a shop rated at £1,000 per annum — ein Laden, dessen steuerbarer Wert £ 1.000 pro Jahr ist

    3) (= deserve) verdienen

    I think he rates a pass ( mark) — ich finde, seine Leistung kann man mit "ausreichend" oder besser bewerten

    4) (inf: think highly of) gut finden (inf)

    I really/don't really rate him — ich finde ihn wirklich gut/mag ihn nicht besonders

    3. vi
    (= be classed)

    to rate as... — gelten als...

    to rate among... — zählen zu...

    II
    vt (liter)
    See:
    = berate
    * * *
    rate1 [reıt]
    A s
    1. (Verhältnis)Ziffer f, Quote f, Rate f:
    rate of growth (inflation) WIRTSCH Wachstums-(Inflations)rate;
    rate of increase WIRTSCH Zuwachsrate;
    at the rate of im Verhältnis von ( → A 2, A 6)
    2. (Steuer- etc)Satz m, Kurs m, Tarif m:
    rate of exchange WIRTSCH Umrechnungs-, Wechselkurs;
    rate of interest Zinssatz, -fuß m;
    carry a high rate of interest hoch verzinst werden;
    rate of issue Ausgabekurs;
    rate of the day Tageskurs;
    railroad (bes Br railway) rates pl Eisenbahntarif;
    at the rate of zum Satze von ( → A 1, A 6)
    3. (festgesetzter) Preis, Betrag m:
    at a cheap (high) rate zu einem niedrigen (hohen) Preis;
    at that rate unter diesen Umständen;
    a) auf jeden Fall, unter allen Umständen,
    b) wenigstens, mindestens
    4. (Post-, Strom- etc)Gebühr f, Porto n, (Gas-, Strom)Preis m, (Wasser)Geld n
    5. Br Kommunalsteuer f, Gemeindeabgabe f:
    rates and taxes Kommunal- und Staatssteuern
    6. (relative) Geschwindigkeit ( auch PHYS, TECH), Tempo n:
    rate of energy PHYS Energiemenge f pro Zeiteinheit;
    rate of flow TECH Durchflussgeschwindigkeit oder -menge f;
    rate of an engine Motorleistung f;
    at the rate of mit einer Geschwindigkeit von ( → A 1, A 2)
    7. Grad m, (Aus)Maß n:
    at a fearful rate in erschreckendem Ausmaß
    8. Klasse f, Rang m, Grad m: → first-rate, etc
    9. SCHIFF
    a) (Schiffs)Klasse f
    b) Dienstgrad m (eines Matrosen)
    10. Gang m oder Abweichung f (einer Uhr)
    B v/t
    1. (ab-, ein)schätzen, taxieren (at auf akk), bewerten, einstufen
    2. jemanden einschätzen, beurteilen:
    rate sb highly jemanden hoch einschätzen
    3. betrachten als, halten für:
    he is rated a rich man er gilt als reicher Mann
    4. rechnen, zählen ( beide:
    among zu):
    5. einen Preis etc bemessen, ansetzen, Kosten veranschlagen:
    rate up höher einstufen oder versichern
    6. Br
    a) (zur Kommunalsteuer) veranlagen
    b) besteuern
    7. SCHIFF
    a) ein Schiff klassen
    b) einen Seemann einstufen
    8. eine Uhr regulieren
    9. etwas wert sein, verdienen
    C v/i
    1. angesehen werden, gelten ( beide:
    as als):
    rate high (low) (with) hoch (niedrig) im Kurs stehen (bei), viel (wenig) gelten (bei);
    rate above (below) (einkommensmäßig etc) rangieren oder stehen über (dat) (unter dat)
    2. zählen ( among zu)
    rate2 [reıt] v/t ausschimpfen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (proportion) Rate, die

    increase at a rate of 50 a week — [um] 50 pro Woche anwachsen

    rate of inflation/absentee rate — Inflations-/Abwesenheitsrate, die

    2) (tariff) Satz, der

    interest/ taxation rate, rate of interest/taxation — Zins-/Steuersatz, der

    3) (amount of money) Gebühr, die

    rate [of pay] — Lohnsatz, der

    letter/parcel rate — Briefporto, das/Paketgebühr, die

    4) (speed) Geschwindigkeit, die; Tempo, das

    at a or the rate of 50 mph — mit [einer Geschwindigkeit von] 80 km/h

    at a good/fast/dangerous rate — zügig/mit hoher Geschwindigkeit/gefährlich schnell

    5) (Brit.): (local authority levy)

    [local or council] rates — Gemeindeabgaben

    6) (coll.)

    at any rate — (at least) zumindest; wenigstens; (whatever happens) auf jeden Fall

    at the rate you're going,... — (fig.) wenn du so weitermachst,...

    2. transitive verb
    1) (estimate worth of) schätzen [Vermögen]; einschätzen [Intelligenz, Leistung, Fähigkeit]

    rate somebody/something highly — jemanden/etwas hoch einschätzen

    2) (consider) betrachten; rechnen ( among zu)
    3) (Brit.): (value)

    the house is rated at £100 a year — die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Gemeindeabgaben für das Haus beträgt 100 Pfund pro Jahr

    4) (merit) verdienen [Auszeichnung, Erwähnung]
    3. intransitive verb
    * * *
    (of exchange) n.
    Devisenkurs m.
    Kurs -e m. (stocks) n.
    Kurs -e (Aktien) m. n.
    Anteil -e m.
    Frequenz -en f.
    Kurs -e (Aktien...) m.
    Quote -n f.
    Rate -n (Zuwachs-) f.
    Tarif -e m.
    Verhältnis n. v.
    bewerten v.
    einstufen v.

    English-german dictionary > rate

  • 11 in

    in accordance with 1. в соответствии с
    in accordance with good practice в соответствии с принятой / установившейся практикой 2. руководствуясь чем-л.
    in addition to that вместе с тем
    in advance 1. заранее; заблаговременно
    Supplier shall notify the Contractor sufficiently in advance of any fabricating operations Обо всех производственных операциях Поставщик заблаговременно извещает Подрядчика 2. авансом (т.е. "вперед", в отличие от in arrears- см.)
    in all ways 1. во всех отношениях 2. с любой точки зрения
    in ample time заблаговременно ( с оттенком задолго до, с большим запасом [ по времени])
    in analysis based on limit load при расчете по предельным нагрузкам
    in anticipation 1. исподволь 2. заблаговременно
    in arrears по факту (т.е. по истечении какого-то времени, «потом», в отличие от in advance - см)
    in attendance Those in attendance included Присутствовали:...
    in basic terms вообще говоря; в общем и целом; как правило
    in block letters печатными буквами
    in the blueprint stage в стадии проектирования (перен. в стадии планирования, "на бумаге"; в отличие от in the hardware stage - см.)
    in bulk quantities в товарных количествах
    in case a (
    the)
    seal is disturbed при нарушении пломбы
    in case of eye contact при попадании в глаза (опасного / вредного вещества /материала)
    in case of ingestion при попадании внутрь (опасного / вредного вещества /материала)
    in case of inhalation при вдыхании (опасного / вредного вещества / материала)
    in case of respiratory standstill при остановке дыхания
    in case of skin contact при попадании на кожу (опасного /вредного вещества /материала)
    in case of swallowing при проглатывании (опасного /вредного вещества /материала)
    in the clear: be sure all personnel are in the clear убедиться в том, что весь персонал находится в безопасности (т.е. вне опасности, на безопасном расстоянии и т.д.)
    in codex form в форме книги
    in compliance with по (напр., нормам, ТУ и т.д.);
    in compliance with your request по Вашей просьбе
    in conclusion, В заключение...
    in conflict with: In conflict with this is... ( в начале предлож.) В то же время...; Вместе с тем...
    in conformance to по (напр., нормам, ТУ и т.д.)
    in conjunction with 1. параллельно с
    In conjunction with an increase in rate, the tube position corresponding to... is located farther upstream Параллельно с увеличением скорости [ осадкообразования] сечение на трубке, соответствующее..., смещается все выше по потоку 2. одновременно с 3. в сочетании с
    in connection with 1. в свете... 2. в контексте чего-л. 3. in connection with Fig. 13... Если обратиться к рис. 13...
    in consideration of 1. принимая во внимание 2. учитывая
    in a conspicuous location на видном месте
    in a conspicuous place на видном месте
    in a conspicuous position на видном месте
    in consultation with по согласованию с; по договоренности с
    in contemplation of в преддверии чего-л.;
    in contemplation of our upcoming meeting в преддверии нашей предстоящей встречи
    in the context of 1. в связи с; в свете; в плане 2. применительно к 3. если иметь в виду; с учетом 4. на примере 5. с точки зрения 6. в случае 7. в отношении 8. в области 9. в рамках
    in continuation of в развитие чего-л.
    in contradiction with противоречащий чему-л.
    if this is not in contradiction with если это не противоречит...
    in contrast (npomueum.) 1. же
    In contrast, the algorithm presented here... Предлагаемый же здесь метод... 2. что же касается...
    These studies have concentrated in the upper water layers... In contrast, rather little detailed work seems to have been undertaken in the very deepest parts of the[ Caspian] Sea Эти исследования проводились в основном в верхних слоях воды... Что же касается самых глубоких участков [ Каспийского] моря, то там, похоже, практически не проводилось сколько-нибудь детальных исследовательских работ
    in contrast to в отличие от; в то время как; что же касается
    in control не выходящий за установленные предельные значения (напр., о размерах, механических свойствах, технологических параметрах и т.д.)
    in a controlled manner организованно
    the practice of burning off waste gas in a controlled manner установившаяся / принятая практика организованного сжигания сбросного газа [ в факеле]
    in a customary manner обычным способом; по обычной схеме; тривиально
    A shall be determined in a customary manner А определяется обычным путем / по обычной схеме / тривиально
    in a design situation при проектировании
    in diction словами; на обычном языке; открытым текстом (т.е. не кодом)
    in a direction parallel to по ходу (напр., трубопровода)
    in document format отдельным изданием
    in domestic experience в отечественной практике
    in due time в установленные сроки; своевременно
    in effect по существу
    in either direction в любом направлении
    in either direction parallel to the piping run в любом направлении по ходу трубопровода
    in excess больше ( чем нужно);
    well in excess заведомо больше; с избытком
    in excess of 1. не укладывающийся в 2. сверх чего-л.
    weld material in excess of the specified weld size избыток материала сварного шва сверх установленного размера
    in an expedient manner оперативно
    in fact более того,...
    in force действующий (напр., законодательство, договор и т.д.)
    in the first place вообще
    in foreseeable future в обозримом будущем
    in formative stage в стадии становления
    in free format в произвольном виде
    in full detail исчерпывающе; исчерпывающим образом; исчерпывающе подробно; с исчерпывающей полнотой
    in full standing полноправный
    in full view в пределах прямой видимости (зд. «прямо» означает не впереди, перед, а незаслоненный, незагороженный)
    in furtherance of в продолжение чего-л.;
    in furtherance of our talks в продолжение нашего разговора
    in furtherance to в развитие чего-л.;
    in furtherance to your letter dated01.15.2004 в развитие Вашего письма от 15.01.2004 г.
    in ( the) future 1. со временем; впоследствии 2. в перспективе
    in general: A does not in general correspond to В А не всегда соответствует В
    in general terms вообще говоря
    in the generic sense собирательно
    in good order в полной исправности; в исправном рабочем состоянии;
    in good working order в исправном рабочем состоянии
    in good standing полноправный
    in a gradual manner плавно;
    pre-heat shall be applied in a gradual and uniform manner подогрев производится плавно и равномерно
    in greater detail намного / гораздо полнее
    in hand (см. тж. on hand) наличный; имеющийся
    quantity in hand наличные запасы;
    work in hand намеченная к выполнению работа; запланированная работа; заданная работа
    in the hardware stage в стадии конструктивной сборки (в отличие от in the blueprint stage - см.)
    in hidden form (матем.) в неявном виде; в неявной форме
    in the initial stages на первых порах
    in isolation автономно
    in line with 1. в увязке с
    in line with overall project requirements в увязке с потребностями проекта в целом 2. (перен.) в русле чего-л. 3. вдоль чего-л. 4. соосно с чем-л. 5. параллельно чему-л.
    in the long run в перспективе
    in a... manner: in a gradual and uniform manner плавно и равномерно
    in a masterful way мастерски
    The problem has been dealt with in a masterful way Поставленная задача решена мастерски
    in the mean в обычном смысле
    in the melting-pot: be in the melting-pot находиться в стадии решения / принятия решения
    in a modification в другом исполнении
    in multiples of в количестве
    in the near term в краткосрочной перспективе
    in need of нуждающийся в чем-л.;
    those found to be in need of assistance те, кто определенно нуждаются в помощи
    in no case ни при каких обстоятельствах
    in a non-discriminative manner непредвзято
    in no time в сжатые сроки
    in no way никоим образом не
    The signing of this document by a Company agent shall in no way relieve the Manufacturer of any responsibility for Визирование / Факт подписания настоящего документа представителем Компании никоим образом не освобождает Поставщика от ответственности за;
    Inspection by the Contractor in no way relieves the Supplier of his responsibility to meet the requirements of... Проведение / Факт проведения контроля Подрядчиком никоим образом не освобождает Поставщика от ответственности за выполнение требований...
    in operation задействованный;
    which may fluctuate due to the number of fire water hydrants in operation который может колебаться в зависимости от числа задействованных пожарных гидрантов
    in an orderly manner организованно; в организованном порядке
    in outline в общих чертах
    in one's own element в своей сфере
    in one's own milieu в своей сфере
    in particular в первую очередь; прежде всего
    in passing заметим в скобках; заметим попутно; между прочим
    in person лично
    in place:
    1) be in place 1. иметь наготове; представлять (документы, согласования и т.д.) 2. (описат.) используемый (реально, фактически)
    2) have in place располагать (чем-л.)
    3) put in place 1. внедрять; вводить в действие; внедрять в практику 2. реализовывать 3. выполнять ( фактически); осуществлять 4. задействовать; (перен..) запускать (напр., процесс перехода на новый материал)
    in point:
    1) case in point характерный пример; образчик; эпизод
    2) tool in point подходящее / нужное / соответствующее средство
    in the present circumstances 1. в данном случае 2. в этих условиях
    in ( the) press готовится к печати
    in print;
    Books in print (КВП) "Книги, имеющиеся в продаже" (а не в печати!)
    in progress быть ( пока) незавершенным
    Since work is still in progress to define А Поскольку работа по определению А еще не завершена,...
    in pursuance of: 1. следуя (напр., нашему плану) 2. in pursuance of your letter dated01.15.2004 в связи с Вашим письмом от 15.01.2004 г.; в контексте Вашего письма от 15.01.2004 г. 3. in pursuance of your orders во исполнение Ваших указаний
    in pursuance to в ответ на;
    in pursuance to your letter в ответ на Ваше письмо
    in question рассматриваемый
    in receipt of: We are in receipt of your letter dated Мы получили Ваше письмо от...
    in recent years в последние годы
    in recognition of 1. отдавая должное 2. принимая во внимание 3. с учетом
    in reference: in reference to your inquiry dated На Ваш запрос от...
    in this regard (синон. in this context) в этой связи
    in response of в соответствии с;
    in response of A comments against В в соответствии с замечаниями А по В
    in response to в соответствии с;
    in response to crew comments against B1 unit в соответствии с замечаниями экипажа по блоку В1;
    in retaliation в отместку за что-л.
    in retrospect задним числом
    in routine use in: be in routine use in обычно используется в
    in running order годный к пуску (напр., блок электростанции)
    in a sense в известном смысле
    in a short time в недалеком будущем
    in situ на своем месте
    in so doing ( в начале предлож.) При этом...
    in so far as коль скоро
    in some instances... and in others в одних случаях..., а в других случаях
    in some locations..., in other (
    locations) в одних местах..., в других...
    in spurts скачкообразный (напр., о росте трещины)
    in step with по мере (увеличения, уменьшения, роста, снижения, и т.д.];
    in step with the growth in GDP по мере роста / увеличения валового внутреннего продукта
    in substitution to взамен чего-л. (напр., выдавать доработанный чертеж: проекта вместо другого, предыдущего)
    in summary в общем (и целом)
    in terms of (ЛДП) 1. в плане чего-л.; в части чего-л. 2. если говорить о 3. (матем.) относительно
    A can be written in terms of stress, displacement... А можно записать относительно напряжений, перемещений... 4. с точки зрения
    The processes that... have been evaluated in terms of the reduction of total reactive nitrogen Процессы, которые..., оценивали с точки зрения снижения концентрации общего реакцион-носпособного азота 5. по...
    These zones were examined separately in terms of how they influenced the exhaust level of NOx Параметры каждой из этих зон исследовали раздельно по их влиянию на интенсивность образования
    NOx 6. в вопросах... 7. в пересчете на 8. в соответствии
    in this context 1. здесь; в этом / данном случае; в этом смысле 2. в данной ситуации; в такой ситуации 3. в этой связи; в связи с этим 4. при этом условии 5. при такой постановке 6. в рамках; в свете
    in this instance А если это так, то; А раз это так, то
    in a timely manner оперативно
    Bureau of Land Management will make every effort to process applications for rights-of-way in a timely manner Управление земплепользования США примет все меры к оперативному рассмотрению заявлений на получение полосы отчуждения / отвода
    in a tough spot: be in a tough spot находиться / оказаться в затруднительном положении
    in a uniform manner равномерно
    in unique cases в исключительных случаях
    in unison параллельно; совместно; в связке
    if a load is lifted by two or more trucks working in unison если перевалка груза осуществляется двумя или более самосвалами, работающими в связке
    in use 1. принятый (в знач. находящийся в употреблении)
    standard operating procedure in use within the US обычная методика / обычный порядок работы, принятая / принятый в США 2. находящийся в обороте 3. at the locations where the equipment is in use в тех местах, где эта техника эксплуатируется / используется / задействуется
    in a variety of[ different areas] в самых различных [ областях]
    in the vicinity of в зоне чего-л.;
    in the vicinity of fire в зоне огня ( пожара)
    in view of 1. в связи с; коль скоро; в свете чего-л.; на основании чего-л. in view of the foregoing в связи с вышеизложенным; в свете вышеизложенного; на основании вышеизложенного 2. in view of the fact that в связи с тем, что
    in which case и тогда...
    in witness whereof в удостоверение чего...
    in words прописью ( о цифрах)
    in a workmanlike manner квалифицированно; мастерски; "классно"
    in writing в письменном виде
    in a wrong place 1. в неположенном месте 2. (разг.) не там

    English-Russian dictionary of scientific and technical difficulties vocabulary > in

  • 12 grow

    1. intransitive verb,
    1) wachsen; [Bevölkerung:] zunehmen, wachsen

    grow out of or from something — (develop) sich aus etwas entwickeln; (from something abstract) von etwas herrühren; [Situation, Krieg usw.:] die Folge von etwas sein; [Plan:] aus etwas erwachsen

    grow in — gewinnen an (+ Dat.) [Größe, Bedeutung, Autorität, Popularität, Weisheit]

    2) (become) werden

    grow used to something/somebody — sich an etwas/jemanden gewöhnen

    grow apart — (fig.) sich auseinander leben

    he grew to be a man — er wuchs zum Manne heran (geh.)

    grow to love/hate etc. somebody/something — jemanden/etwas liebenlernen/hassenlernen usw.

    grow to like somebody/something — nach und nach Gefallen an jemandem/etwas finden. See also academic.ru/32680/growing">growing; grown 2.

    2. transitive verb,
    grew, grown
    1) (cultivate) (on a small scale) ziehen; (on a large scale) anpflanzen; züchten [Blumen]
    2)

    grow one's hair [long] — sich (Dat.) die Haare [lang] wachsen lassen

    grow a beard — sich (Dat.) einen Bart wachsen lassen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - grow into
    - grow on
    - grow out of
    - grow up
    - grow up into
    * * *
    [ɡrəu]
    past tense - grew; verb
    1) ((of plants) to develop: Carrots grow well in this soil.) wachsen
    2) (to become bigger, longer etc: My hair has grown too long; Our friendship grew as time went on.) wachsen
    3) (to cause or allow to grow: He has grown a beard.) wachsen lassen
    4) ((with into) to change into, in becoming mature: Your daughter has grown into a beautiful woman.) sich entwickeln
    5) (to become: It's growing dark.) werden
    •
    - grower
    - grown
    - growth
    - grown-up
    - grown-up
    - grow on
    - grow up
    * * *
    <grew, grown>
    [grəʊ, AM groʊ]
    I. vi
    1. (increase in size) wachsen
    haven't you \grown! bist du aber gewachsen [o groß geworden]!
    roses grew up against the wall Rosen rankten sich an der Wand hoch
    to \grow taller größer werden, wachsen
    2. (flourish) plants gedeihen
    3. (increase) wachsen, zunehmen, steigen
    football's popularity continues to \grow Fußball wird immer populärer
    to \grow by 2% um 2 % wachsen [o zunehmen
    4. (develop) sich akk [weiter]entwickeln
    5. (become) werden
    he is finding it hard to cope with \growing old er tut sich mit dem Älterwerden schwer
    she has \grown to hate him mit der Zeit lernte sie, ihn zu hassen
    to \grow wiser weiser werden
    to \grow to like sth langsam beginnen, etw zu mögen
    6.
    ▶ to let the grass \grow under one's feet etw [ewig] aufschieben [o vor sich dat her schieben]
    ▶ money doesn't \grow on trees ( prov) Geld fällt nicht vom Himmel [o wächst nicht auf Bäumen] prov
    ▶ tall oaks from little acorns \grow ( prov) große Dinge beginnen im Kleinen
    II. vt
    ▪ to \grow sth
    1. (cultivate) etw anbauen
    to \grow coffee/maize/tomatoes Kaffee/Mais/Tomaten anbauen
    to \grow flowers Blumen züchten
    to \grow one's own fruit/vegetables selbst Obst/Gemüse anbauen
    to \grow sth from seed etw aus Samen ziehen
    2. (let grow) etw wachsen lassen
    to \grow a beard/moustache sich dat einen Bart/Schnurrbart wachsen [o stehen] lassen
    to \grow one's hair [sich dat] die Haare wachsen lassen
    3. (develop) etw entwickeln
    the male deer \grows large antlers dem Hirsch wächst ein mächtiges Geweih
    furry animals \grow a thicker coat in winter Pelztiere bekommen im Winter ein dichteres Fell
    * * *
    [grəʊ] pret grew, ptp grown
    1. vt
    1) plants ziehen; (commercially) potatoes, wheat, tea etc anbauen, anpflanzen; (= cultivate) flowers züchten
    2)

    to grow a beard/one's hair — sich (dat) einen Bart/die Haare wachsen lassen

    2. vi
    1) (= get bigger, longer etc) wachsen; (person, baby) wachsen, größer werden; (hair) wachsen, länger werden; (in numbers) zunehmen; (in size) sich vergrößern; (fig = become more mature) sich weiterentwickeln

    to grow in stature/wisdom — an Ansehen/Weisheit zunehmen

    my, how you've or haven't you grown! — du bist aber groß geworden!

    fears were growing for her safety — man machte sich zunehmend Sorgen um ihre Sicherheit

    the economy/market/population is growing by 2% a year — die Wirtschaft/der Markt/die Bevölkerung wächst um 2% pro Jahr

    2) (= become) werden

    to grow to do/be sth — allmählich etw tun/sein

    to grow to hate/love sb — jdn hassen/lieben lernen

    * * *
    grow [ɡrəʊ] prät grew [ɡruː], pperf grown [ɡrəʊn]
    A v/i
    1. wachsen:
    grow together zusammenwachsen, (miteinander) verwachsen;
    money doesn’t grow on trees das Geld wächst doch nicht auf den Bäumen
    2. BOT wachsen, vorkommen
    3. wachsen, größer oder stärker werden
    4. fig zunehmen (in an dat), anwachsen:
    grow in wisdom klüger werden
    5. fig ( besonders langsam oder allmählich) werden:
    grow less sich vermindern;
    grow warm warm werden, sich erwärmen
    6. verwachsen (to mit) (auch fig)
    B v/t
    1. Gemüse, Wein etc anbauen, anpflanzen, Blumen etc züchten:
    grow from seed aus Samen ziehen
    2. sich einen Bart etc wachsen lassen:
    grow a beard auch sich einen Bart stehen lassen;
    grow one’s hair long sich die Haare lang wachsen lassen
    3. fig ausbauen, erweitern
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb,
    1) wachsen; [Bevölkerung:] zunehmen, wachsen

    grow out of or from something — (develop) sich aus etwas entwickeln; (from something abstract) von etwas herrühren; [Situation, Krieg usw.:] die Folge von etwas sein; [Plan:] aus etwas erwachsen

    grow in — gewinnen an (+ Dat.) [Größe, Bedeutung, Autorität, Popularität, Weisheit]

    2) (become) werden

    grow used to something/somebody — sich an etwas/jemanden gewöhnen

    grow apart — (fig.) sich auseinander leben

    grow to love/hate etc. somebody/something — jemanden/etwas liebenlernen/hassenlernen usw.

    grow to like somebody/something — nach und nach Gefallen an jemandem/etwas finden. See also growing; grown 2.

    2. transitive verb,
    grew, grown
    1) (cultivate) (on a small scale) ziehen; (on a large scale) anpflanzen; züchten [Blumen]
    2)

    grow one's hair [long] — sich (Dat.) die Haare [lang] wachsen lassen

    grow a beard — sich (Dat.) einen Bart wachsen lassen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: grew, grown)
    = anbauen v.
    anwachsen v.
    sich ausweiten (zu) v.
    wachsen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: wuchs, ist gewachsen)
    werden v.
    (§ p.,pp.: wurde, ist geworden)
    zunehmen v.
    züchten v.

    English-german dictionary > grow

  • 13 see

    1. transitive verb,

    let somebody see something — (show) jemandem etwas zeigen

    let me see — lass mich mal sehen

    I saw her fall or falling — ich habe sie fallen sehen

    he was seen to leave or seen leaving the building — er ist beim Verlassen des Gebäudes gesehen worden

    I'll believe it when I see it — das will ich erst mal sehen

    they saw it happen — sie haben gesehen, wie es passiert ist

    can you see that house over there? — siehst du das Haus da drüben?

    be worth seeing — sehenswert sein; sich lohnen (ugs.)

    see the light — (fig.): (undergo conversion) das Licht schauen (geh.)

    I saw the light — (I realized my error etc.) mir ging ein Licht auf (ugs.)

    I must be seeing things — (joc.) ich glaub', ich seh' nicht richtig

    see the sights/town — sich (Dat.) die Sehenswürdigkeiten/Stadt ansehen

    see one's way [clear] to do or to doing something — es einrichten, etwas zu tun

    2) (watch) sehen

    let's see a film — sehen wir uns (Dat.) einen Film an!

    3) (meet [with]) sehen; treffen; (meet socially) zusammenkommen mit; sich treffen mit

    I'll see you there/at 5 — wir sehen uns dort/um 5

    see you! — (coll.)

    [I'll] be seeing you! — (coll.) bis bald! (ugs.)

    see you on Saturday/soon — bis Samstag/bald; see also academic.ru/43656/long">long I 1. 3)

    4) (speak to) sprechen [Person] ( about wegen); (pay visit to) gehen zu, (geh.) aufsuchen [Arzt, Anwalt usw.]; (receive) empfangen

    the doctor will see you now — Herr/Frau Doktor lässt bitten

    whom would you like to see? — wen möchten Sie sprechen?; zu wem möchten Sie?

    5) (discern mentally) sehen

    I can see it's difficult for you — ich verstehe, dass es nicht leicht für dich ist

    I see what you mean — ich verstehe [was du meinst]

    I saw that it was a mistake — mir war klar, dass es ein Fehler war

    he didn't see the joke — er fand es [gar] nicht lustig; (did not understand) er hat den Witz nicht verstanden

    I can't think what she sees in him — ich weiß nicht, was sie an ihm findet

    6) (consider) sehen

    let me see what I can do — [ich will] mal sehen, was ich tun kann

    7) (foresee) sehen

    I can see I'm going to be busy — ich sehe [es] schon [kommen], dass ich beschäftigt sein werde

    I can see it won't be easy — ich sehe schon, dass es nicht einfach sein wird

    8) (find out) feststellen; (by looking) nachsehen

    see if you can read this — guck mal, ob du das hier lesen kannst (ugs.)

    9) (take view of) sehen; betrachten

    try to see it my way — versuche es doch mal aus meiner Sicht zu sehen

    10) (learn) sehen

    I see from your letter that... — ich entnehme Ihrem Brief, dass...

    11) (make sure)

    see [that]... — zusehen od. darauf achten, dass...

    12) usu. in imper. (look at) einsehen [Buch]

    see below/p. 15 — siehe unten/S. 15

    13) (experience, be witness of) erleben

    now I've seen everything! — (iron.) hat man so etwas schon erlebt od. gesehen!

    we shall see — wir werden [ja/schon] sehen

    he will not or never see 50 again — er ist [bestimmt] über 50

    14) (imagine) sich (Dat.) vorstellen

    see somebody/oneself doing something — sich vorstellen, dass jemand/man etwas tut

    I can see it now -... — ich sehe es schon bildhaft vor mir -...

    15) (contemplate) mit ansehen; zusehen bei

    [stand by and] see somebody doing something — [tatenlos] zusehen od. es [tatenlos] mit ansehen, wie jemand etwas tut

    16) (escort) begleiten, bringen (to [bis] zu)
    17) (consent willingly to) einsehen

    not see oneself doing something — es nicht einsehen, dass man etwas tut

    2. intransitive verb,
    saw, seen

    see red — rotsehen (ugs.)

    2) (make sure) nachsehen
    3) (reflect) überlegen

    let me see — lass mich überlegen; warte mal ['n Moment] (ugs.)

    4)

    I see — ich verstehe; aha (ugs.); ach so (ugs.)

    you see — weißt du/wisst ihr/wissen Sie

    there you are, you see! — Siehst du? Ich hab's doch gesagt!

    as far as I can see — soweit ich das od. es beurteilen kann

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - see about
    - see into
    - see off
    - see out
    - see over
    - see through
    - see to
    * * *
    I [si:] past tense - saw; verb
    1) (to have the power of sight: After six years of blindness, he found he could see.) sehen
    2) (to be aware of by means of the eye: I can see her in the garden.) sehen
    3) (to look at: Did you see that play on television?) sehen
    4) (to have a picture in the mind: I see many difficulties ahead.) sehen
    5) (to understand: She didn't see the point of the joke.) verstehen
    6) (to investigate: Leave this here and I'll see what I can do for you.) sehen
    7) (to meet: I'll see you at the usual time.) sehen
    8) (to accompany: I'll see you home.) begleiten
    •
    - see about
    - seeing that
    - see off
    - see out
    - see through
    - see to
    - I
    - we will see     II [si:] noun
    (the district over which a bishop or archbishop has authority.) das (Erz)Bistum
    * * *
    see1
    <saw, seen>
    [si:]
    1. (perceive with eyes)
    ▪ to \see sb/sth jdn/etw sehen
    I've never \seen anything quite like this before so etwas habe ich ja noch nie gesehen
    have you ever \seen this man before? haben Sie diesen Mann schon einmal gesehen?
    he's \seen where you live er weiß jetzt, wo du wohnst
    I can't \see much without my glasses ohne Brille sehe ich nicht sonderlich viel
    there's nothing to \see (after accident) hier gibt's nichts zu sehen!
    I saw it happen ich habe gesehen, wie es passiert ist
    it has to be \seen to be believed man muss es gesehen haben[, sonst glaubt man es nicht]
    I'll believe it when I \see it das glaube ich auch erst, wenn ich es mit eigenen Augen gesehen habe
    ▪ to \see sb do [or doing] sth sehen, wie jd etw tut
    I saw her coming ich habe sie kommen sehen
    the woman was \seen to enter the bank die Frau wurde gesehen, wie sie die Bank betrat
    I can't believe what I'm \seeing — is that your car? ich glaube, ich spinne! ist das dein Auto?
    she didn't want to be \seen visiting the doctor sie wollte nicht, dass jemand mitbekommt, dass sie zum Arzt geht
    I've never \seen my brother eating mushrooms ich habe meinen Bruder noch nie Pilze essen sehen
    can you \see where... siehst du, wo...
    to \see sth with one's own eyes etw mit eigenen Augen sehen
    for all the world to \see in aller Öffentlichkeit
    2. (watch as a spectator)
    ▪ to \see sth film, play [sich dat] etw [an]sehen [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. anschauen]
    this film is really worth \seeing dieser Film ist echt sehenswert
    to \see sb in a film/in a play/on television jdn in einem Film/Stück/im Fernsehen sehen
    3. (visit place)
    ▪ to \see sth famous building, place etw ansehen [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. anschauen]
    I'd love to \see Salzburg again ich würde gerne noch einmal nach Salzburg gehen
    to \see the sights of a town die Sehenswürdigkeiten einer Stadt besichtigen
    ▪ to \see sth etw verstehen [o begreifen]; (discern mentally) etw erkennen
    I \see what you mean ich weiß, was du meinst
    I can't \see the difference between... and... für mich gibt es keinen Unterschied zwischen... und...
    I just don't \see why... ich begreife [o verstehe] einfach nicht, warum...
    I can't \see why I should do it ich sehe einfach nicht ein, warum ich es machen sollte
    I can \see you're having trouble with your car Sie haben Probleme mit Ihrem Auto?
    I really can't \see what difference it makes to... ich weiß wirklich nicht, was es für einen Unterschied machen soll,...
    I can \see it's difficult ich verstehe ja, dass es schwierig ist
    I can \see you have been fighting ich sehe doch, dass ihr euch gezankt habt
    I can't \see the joke ich weiß nicht, was daran komisch sein soll
    I don't \see the point of that remark ich verstehe den Sinn dieser Bemerkung nicht
    \see what I mean? siehst du?
    ▪ to \see sth etw sehen
    as I \see it... so wie ich das sehe...
    try and \see it my way versuche es doch mal aus meiner Sicht zu sehen
    I \see myself as a good mother ich denke, dass ich eine gute Mutter bin
    this is how I \see it so sehe ich die Sache
    I don't \see it that way ich sehe das nicht so
    to \see sth in a new [or a different] [or another] light etw mit anderen Augen sehen
    to \see reason [or sense] Vernunft annehmen
    to \see things differently die Dinge anders sehen
    to make sb \see sth jdm etw klarmachen
    to \see oneself obliged to do sth sich akk dazu gezwungen sehen, etw zu tun
    6. (learn, find out)
    ▪ to \see sth etw feststellen
    I \see [that]... wie ich sehe,...
    I'll \see what I can do/who it is ich schaue mal, was ich tun kann/wer es ist
    let me \see if I can help you mal sehen, ob ich Ihnen helfen kann
    that remains to be \seen das wird sich zeigen
    ▪ to \see sb jdn sehen; (by chance) jdn [zufällig] treffen [o sehen]
    we're \seeing friends at the weekend wir treffen uns am Wochenende mit Freunden
    to \see a lot [or much] of sb jdn häufig sehen
    I haven't \seen much of him recently ich sehe ihn in letzter Zeit [auch] nur [noch] selten
    I haven't \seen her around much in the last few weeks in den letzten Wochen habe ich sie [auch nur] selten gesehen
    I shall be \seeing them at eight ich treffe sie um acht
    I'll \see you around bis dann!
    \see you! [or BRIT be \seeing you!] ( fam) bis bald! fam
    \see you later! ( fam: when meeting again later) bis später!; (goodbye) tschüss! fam
    \see you on Monday bis Montag!
    to go and \see sb jdn besuchen [gehen]
    ▪ to \see sb jdn sehen; (talk to) jdn sprechen; (receive) jdn empfangen
    I demand to \see the manager ich möchte mit dem Geschäftsführer sprechen!
    Mr Miller can't \see you now Herr Miller ist im Moment nicht zu sprechen
    the doctor will \see you now Sie können jetzt reingehen, der Herr Doktor ist jetzt frei
    to \see a doctor/a solicitor zum Arzt/zu einem Anwalt gehen, einen Arzt/einen Anwalt aufsuchen geh
    9. (have relationship with)
    ▪ to be \seeing sb mit jdm zusammen sein fam
    I'm not \seeing anyone at the moment ich habe im Moment keine Freundin/keinen Freund
    are you \seeing anyone? hast du einen Freund/eine Freundin?
    ▪ to \see sth sich dat etw vorstellen
    I \see a real chance of us meeting again ich glaube wirklich, dass wir uns wiedersehen
    I can't \see him getting the job ich kann mir nicht vorstellen, dass er den Job bekommt
    can you \see her as a teacher? kannst du dir sie als Lehrerin vorstellen?
    do you \see... kannst du dir vorstellen,...
    I can't \see myself as a waitress ich glaube nicht, dass Kellnern was für mich wäre
    to \see it coming es kommen sehen
    11. (witness, experience)
    ▪ to \see sth etw [mit]erleben
    1997 saw a slackening off in the growth of the economy 1997 kam es zu einer Verlangsamung des Wirtschaftswachstums
    he won't \see 50 again er ist gut über 50
    I've \seen it all mich überrascht nichts mehr
    now I've \seen everything! ist denn das zu fassen!
    I've \seen it all before das kenne ich alles schon!
    ▪ to \see sb do sth [mit]erleben, wie jd etw tut
    his parents saw him awarded the winner's medal seine Eltern waren mit dabei, als ihm die Siegermedaille überreicht wurde
    I can't bear to \see people being mistreated ich ertrag es nicht, wenn Menschen misshandelt werden
    to \see the day when... den Tag erleben, an dem...
    to \see life das Leben kennenlernen
    to live to \see sth etw erleben
    I shall not live to \see it das werde ich wohl nicht mehr miterleben
    12. (accompany)
    ▪ to \see sb jdn begleiten
    to \see sb into bed jdn ins Bett bringen
    to \see sb to the door [or out] /home jdn zur Tür/nach Hause bringen [o geh begleiten]
    to \see sb into a taxi jdn zum Taxi bringen
    I saw her safely into the house ich brachte sie sicher zum Haus
    13. (inspect)
    sb wants to \see sth licence, passport jd möchte etw sehen; references, records jd möchte etw [ein]sehen
    the policeman asked to \see my driving licence der Polizist wollte meinen Führerschein sehen
    let me \see that lass mich das mal sehen
    14. in imperative (refer to)
    ▪ \see... siehe...
    \see below/page 23/over[leaf] siehe unten/Seite 23/nächste Seite
    ▪ to \see sth in sb/sth etw in jdm/etw sehen
    I don't know what she \sees in him ich weiß nicht, was sie an ihm findet
    16. (ensure)
    to \see sb right BRIT, AUS ( fam: help) jdm helfen [o behilflich sein]; (pay or reimburse) aufpassen [o dafür sorgen], dass jd sein Geld [wieder]bekommt
    ▪ to \see that sth happens dafür sorgen, dass etw passiert
    \see that this doesn't happen again sieh zu, dass das nicht noch einmal passiert
    17. (view)
    ▪ to \see sth house for sale [sich dat] etw ansehen [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. anschauen
    18. (in poker)
    ▪ to \see sb:
    I'll \see you ich halte
    19.
    ▶ to have \seen better days schon [einmal] bessere Tage gesehen haben
    ▶ let's \see the colour of your money first erst will ich dein Geld sehen! fam
    ▶ you couldn't \see him/her for dust man sah nur noch seine/ihre Staubwolke fam
    ▶ if... you won't \see the dust of him/her wenn..., wird er/sie die Fliege machen wie nichts sl
    ▶ he/she can't \see further than [or beyond] the end of his/her nose er/sie sieht nicht weiter als seine/ihre Nasenspitze [reicht] fam
    ▶ I'll \see him/her in hell first das wäre das Letzte, was ich täte!
    ▶ to not have \seen hide nor hair of sb jdn nicht mal von hinten gesehen haben fam
    ▶ to \see the last [or BRIT, AUS the back] of sb [endlich] jdn los sein fam
    ▶ to \see the last [or BRIT, AUS the back] of sth endlich etw überstanden haben
    ▶ sb \sees the light (understand) jdm geht ein Licht auf fam; (become enlightened) jdm gehen die Augen auf fam; (be converted) jd [er]schaut das Licht [Gottes] geh
    ▶ to \see the light of day (first appear) das Licht der Welt erblicken geh o hum
    ▶ to [go and] \see a man about a dog hingehen, wo auch der Kaiser zu Fuß hingeht euph hum fam
    ▶ to \see stars Sterne sehen fam
    ▶ to be \seeing things sich dat etw einbilden, Halluzinationen haben
    ▶ to \see one's way [clear] to doing sth es [sich dat] einrichten, etw zu tun
    ▶ to not \see the wood [or AM the forest] for the trees den Wald vor [lauter] Bäumen nicht sehen hum
    1. (use eyes) sehen
    I can't \see very well without my glasses ohne Brille kann ich nicht sehr gut sehen
    ... but \seeing is believing... doch ich habe es mit eigenen Augen gesehen!
    as far as the eye [or you] can \see so weit das Auge reicht
    2. (look) sehen
    let me \see! lass mich mal sehen!
    \see for yourself! sieh doch selbst!; (in theatre etc.)
    can you \see? können Sie noch sehen?
    there, \see, Grandad's mended it for you schau mal, Opa hat es dir wieder repariert!
    3. (understand, realize)
    ... — oh, I \see!... — aha!
    I \see ich verstehe
    you \see! it wasn't that difficult was it? na siehst du, das war doch gar nicht so schwer!
    \see, I don't love you anymore ich liebe dich einfach nicht mehr, o.k.? fam
    you \see,... weißt du/wissen Sie,...
    well, you \see, all these rooms are going to be decorated alle Zimmer werden natürlich noch renoviert
    \see?! siehst du?!
    as far as I can \see... so wie ich das sehe...
    I \see from your report... Ihrem Bericht entnehme ich,...
    ... so I \see... das sehe [o merke] ich
    now, \see here, I only bought this ticket a month ago also, dieses Ticket habe ich erst vor einem Monat gekauft!
    5. (find out) nachsehen, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. nachschauen; (in the future) herausfinden
    wait and \see abwarten und Tee trinken fam
    well, we'll \see schau ma mal! fam
    let me \see lass' mich mal überlegen
    you'll \see du wirst schon sehen!
    you'll soon \see for yourself du wirst es schon bald selbst sehen!
    6.
    ▶ to not \see eye to eye [with sb] nicht derselben Ansicht sein [wie jd]
    ▶ to \see fit to do sth es für angebracht halten, etw zu tun
    ▶ to \see red rotsehen fam
    ▶ to make sb \see red jdn zur Weißglut treiben fam
    see2
    [si:]
    n (of bishop or archbishop) [Erz]bistum nt; (Catholic) [Erz]diözese f
    the Holy S\see der Heilige Stuhl
    * * *
    see1 [siː] prät saw [sɔː], pperf seen [siːn]
    A v/t
    1. sehen:
    see page 15 siehe Seite 15;
    as I see it fig wie ich es sehe, in meinen Augen, meiner Meinung nach;
    I see things otherwise fig ich sehe oder betrachte die Dinge anders;
    I cannot see myself doing it fig ich kann mir nicht vorstellen, dass ich es tue;
    I cannot see my way to doing it ich weiß nicht, wie ich es anstellen soll;
    I see myself obliged to go ich sehe mich gezwungen zu gehen;
    I wonder what he sees in her ich möchte wissen, was er an ihr findet;
    let us see what can be done wir wollen sehen, was sich machen lässt;
    little was seen of the attack SPORT vom Angriff war nur wenig zu sehen (siehe weitere Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Substantiven etc)
    2. (ab)sehen, erkennen:
    see danger ahead Gefahr auf sich zukommen sehen
    3. entnehmen, ersehen ( beide:
    from aus der Zeitung etc)
    4. (ein)sehen:
    I do not see what he means ich verstehe nicht, was er meint;
    I don’t see the importance of it ich verstehe nicht, was daran so wichtig sein soll;
    I don’t see the use of it ich weiß nicht, wozu das gut sein soll; → joke A 2
    5. (sich) etwas ansehen, besuchen: → worth1 A 2
    6. herausfinden:
    see who it is sieh nach, wer es ist
    7. dafür sorgen(, dass):
    see (to it) that it is done sorge dafür oder sieh zu, dass es geschieht;
    see justice done to sb dafür sorgen, dass jemandem Gerechtigkeit widerfährt
    8. a) besuchen
    b) sich treffen mit:
    they have been seeing a lot of each other lately sie sind in letzter Zeit oft zusammen;
    he has been seeing her for two years er geht schon seit zwei Jahren mit ihr umg
    9. aufsuchen, konsultieren ( beide:
    about wegen), sprechen ( on business geschäftlich), US umg (mal) mit jemandem reden (um ihn zu beeinflussen):
    10. empfangen:
    11. begleiten, geleiten:
    see sb home jemanden heimbegleiten, jemanden nach Hause bringen;
    see sb to bed jemanden zu Bett bringen;
    see sb to the station jemanden zum Bahnhof bringen oder begleiten;
    see sb across the street jemanden über die Straße bringen; → see off 1, see out 1
    12. sehen, erleben:
    live to see erleben;
    see action MIL im Einsatz sein, Kämpfe mitmachen;
    he has seen better days er hat schon bessere Tage gesehen
    13. besonders Poker: mithalten mit
    B v/i
    1. sehen:
    she doesn’t see very well with her left eye sie sieht nicht sehr gut auf dem linken Auge;
    we haven’t seen much of him lately wir haben ihn in letzter Zeit nicht allzu oft gesehen;
    you’ll see du wirst schon sehen
    2. einsehen, verstehen:
    I see! (ich) verstehe!, aha!, ach so!;
    (you) see, … weißt du oder wissen Sie, …;
    (you) see? umg verstehst du?;
    as far as I can see soviel ich sehen kann
    3. nachsehen:
    go and see (for) yourself!
    4. überlegen:
    let me see! warte(n Sie) mal!, lass mich überlegen!;
    we’ll see wir werden sehen, mal sehen oder abwarten
    see2 [siː] s REL
    1. (Erz)Bischofssitz m, (erz)bischöflicher Stuhl:
    Apostolic ( oder Holy) See (der) Apostolische oder Heilige Stuhl
    2. (Erz)Bistum n:
    3. obs ( besonders Thron)Sitz m
    s. abk
    1. second ( seconds pl) s, Sek.
    3. see s.
    5. set
    6. HIST Br shilling ( shillings pl)
    7. sign
    8. signed gez.
    9. singular Sg.
    10. son
    v. abk
    1. MATH vector
    3. verb
    5. JUR SPORT versus, against
    6. very
    7. vide, see
    9. ELEK volt ( volts pl) V
    10. ELEK voltage
    11. volume
    * * *
    1. transitive verb,

    let somebody see something — (show) jemandem etwas zeigen

    I saw her fall or falling — ich habe sie fallen sehen

    he was seen to leave or seen leaving the building — er ist beim Verlassen des Gebäudes gesehen worden

    they saw it happen — sie haben gesehen, wie es passiert ist

    be worth seeing — sehenswert sein; sich lohnen (ugs.)

    see the light — (fig.): (undergo conversion) das Licht schauen (geh.)

    I saw the light — (I realized my error etc.) mir ging ein Licht auf (ugs.)

    I must be seeing things — (joc.) ich glaub', ich seh' nicht richtig

    see the sights/town — sich (Dat.) die Sehenswürdigkeiten/Stadt ansehen

    see one's way [clear] to do or to doing something — es einrichten, etwas zu tun

    2) (watch) sehen

    let's see a film — sehen wir uns (Dat.) einen Film an!

    3) (meet [with]) sehen; treffen; (meet socially) zusammenkommen mit; sich treffen mit

    I'll see you there/at 5 — wir sehen uns dort/um 5

    see you! — (coll.)

    [I'll] be seeing you! — (coll.) bis bald! (ugs.)

    see you on Saturday/soon — bis Samstag/bald; see also long I 1. 3)

    4) (speak to) sprechen [Person] ( about wegen); (pay visit to) gehen zu, (geh.) aufsuchen [Arzt, Anwalt usw.]; (receive) empfangen

    the doctor will see you now — Herr/Frau Doktor lässt bitten

    whom would you like to see? — wen möchten Sie sprechen?; zu wem möchten Sie?

    I can see it's difficult for you — ich verstehe, dass es nicht leicht für dich ist

    I see what you mean — ich verstehe [was du meinst]

    I saw that it was a mistake — mir war klar, dass es ein Fehler war

    he didn't see the joke — er fand es [gar] nicht lustig; (did not understand) er hat den Witz nicht verstanden

    I can't think what she sees in him — ich weiß nicht, was sie an ihm findet

    6) (consider) sehen

    let me see what I can do — [ich will] mal sehen, was ich tun kann

    7) (foresee) sehen

    I can see I'm going to be busy — ich sehe [es] schon [kommen], dass ich beschäftigt sein werde

    I can see it won't be easy — ich sehe schon, dass es nicht einfach sein wird

    8) (find out) feststellen; (by looking) nachsehen

    see if you can read this — guck mal, ob du das hier lesen kannst (ugs.)

    9) (take view of) sehen; betrachten
    10) (learn) sehen

    I see from your letter that... — ich entnehme Ihrem Brief, dass...

    see [that]... — zusehen od. darauf achten, dass...

    12) usu. in imper. (look at) einsehen [Buch]

    see below/p. 15 — siehe unten/S. 15

    13) (experience, be witness of) erleben

    now I've seen everything! — (iron.) hat man so etwas schon erlebt od. gesehen!

    we shall see — wir werden [ja/schon] sehen

    he will not or never see 50 again — er ist [bestimmt] über 50

    14) (imagine) sich (Dat.) vorstellen

    see somebody/oneself doing something — sich vorstellen, dass jemand/man etwas tut

    I can see it now -... — ich sehe es schon bildhaft vor mir -...

    15) (contemplate) mit ansehen; zusehen bei

    [stand by and] see somebody doing something — [tatenlos] zusehen od. es [tatenlos] mit ansehen, wie jemand etwas tut

    16) (escort) begleiten, bringen (to [bis] zu)

    not see oneself doing something — es nicht einsehen, dass man etwas tut

    2. intransitive verb,
    saw, seen

    see red — rotsehen (ugs.)

    2) (make sure) nachsehen
    3) (reflect) überlegen

    let me see — lass mich überlegen; warte mal ['n Moment] (ugs.)

    4)

    I see — ich verstehe; aha (ugs.); ach so (ugs.)

    you see — weißt du/wisst ihr/wissen Sie

    there you are, you see! — Siehst du? Ich hab's doch gesagt!

    as far as I can see — soweit ich das od. es beurteilen kann

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: saw, seen)
    = anzeigen v.
    sehen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: sah, gesehen)
    zusehen v.

    English-german dictionary > see

  • 14 see

    1. see <saw, seen> [si:] vt
    to \see sb/ sth jdn/etw sehen;
    I've never \seen anything quite like this before so etwas habe ich ja noch nie gesehen;
    have you ever \seen this man before? haben Sie diesen Mann schon einmal gesehen?;
    he's \seen where you live er weiß jetzt, wo du wohnst;
    I can't \see much without my glasses ohne Brille sehe ich nicht sonderlich viel;
    there's nothing to \see ( after accident) hier gibt's nichts zu sehen!;
    I saw it happen ich habe gesehen, wie es passiert ist;
    it has to be \seen to be believed man muss es gesehen haben[, sonst glaubt man es nicht];
    I'll believe it when I \see it das glaube ich auch erst, wenn ich es mit eigenen Augen gesehen habe;
    to \see sb do [or doing] sth sehen, wie jd etw tut;
    I saw her coming ich habe sie kommen sehen;
    the woman was \seen to enter the bank die Frau wurde gesehen, wie sie die Bank betrat;
    I can't believe what I'm \seeing - is that your car? ich glaube, ich spinne! ist das dein Auto?;
    she didn't want to be \seen visiting the doctor sie wollte nicht, dass jemand mitbekommt, dass sie zum Arzt geht;
    I've never \seen my brother eating mushrooms ich habe meinen Bruder noch nie Pilze essen sehen;
    can you \see where... siehst du, wo...;
    to \see sth with one's own eyes etw mit eigenen Augen sehen;
    for all the world to \see in aller Öffentlichkeit
    to \see sth film, play [sich dat] etw [an]sehen;
    this film is really worth \seeing dieser Film ist echt sehenswert;
    to \see sb in a film/ in a play/ on television jdn in einem Film/Stück/im Fernsehen sehen
    to \see sth famous building, place etw ansehen;
    I'd love to \see Salzburg again ich würde gerne noch einmal nach Salzburg gehen;
    to \see the sights of a town die Sehenswürdigkeiten einer Stadt besichtigen
    to \see sth etw verstehen [o begreifen]; ( discern mentally) etw erkennen;
    I \see what you mean ich weiß, was du meinst;
    I can't \see the difference between... and... für mich gibt es keinen Unterschied zwischen... und...;
    I just don't \see why... ich begreife [o verstehe] einfach nicht, warum...;
    I can't \see why I should do it ich sehe einfach nicht ein, warum ich es machen sollte;
    I can \see you're having trouble with your car Sie haben Probleme mit Ihrem Auto?;
    I really can't \see what difference it makes to... ich weiß wirklich nicht, was es für einen Unterschied machen soll,...;
    I can \see it's difficult ich verstehe ja, dass es schwierig ist;
    I can \see you have been fighting ich sehe doch, dass ihr euch gezankt habt;
    I can't \see the joke ich weiß nicht, was daran komisch sein soll;
    I don't \see the point of that remark ich verstehe den Sinn dieser Bemerkung nicht;
    \see what I mean? siehst du?
    5) ( consider)
    to \see sth etw sehen;
    as I \see it... so wie ich das sehe...;
    try and \see it my way versuche es doch mal aus meiner Sicht zu sehen;
    I \see myself as a good mother ich denke, dass ich eine gute Mutter bin;
    this is how I \see it so sehe ich die Sache;
    I don't \see it that way ich sehe das nicht so;
    to \see sth in a new [or a different] [or another] light etw mit anderen Augen sehen;
    to \see reason [or sense] Vernunft annehmen;
    to \see things differently die Dinge anders sehen;
    to make sb \see sth jdm etw klarmachen;
    to \see oneself obliged to do sth sich akk dazu gezwungen sehen, etw zu tun
    6) (learn, find out)
    to \see sth etw feststellen;
    I \see [that]... wie ich sehe,...;
    I'll \see what I can do/ who it is ich schaue mal, was ich tun kann/wer es ist;
    let me \see if I can help you mal sehen, ob ich Ihnen helfen kann;
    that remains to be \seen das wird sich zeigen
    to \see sb jdn sehen;
    ( by chance) jdn [zufällig] treffen [o sehen];
    we're \seeing friends at the weekend wir treffen uns am Wochenende mit Freunden;
    to \see a lot [or much] of sb jdn häufig sehen;
    I haven't \seen much of him recently ich sehe ihn in letzter Zeit [auch] nur [noch] selten;
    I haven't \seen her around much in the last few weeks in den letzten Wochen habe ich sie [auch nur] selten gesehen;
    I shall be \seeing them at eight ich treffe sie um acht;
    I'll \see you around bis dann!;
    \see you! [or ( Brit) be \seeing you!] ( fam) bis bald! ( fam)
    \see you later! (fam: when meeting again later) bis später!;
    ( goodbye) tschüs! ( fam)
    \see you on Monday bis Montag!;
    to go and \see sb jdn besuchen [gehen]
    to \see sb jdn sehen;
    ( talk to) jdn sprechen;
    ( receive) jdn empfangen;
    I demand to \see the manager ich möchte mit dem Geschäftsführer sprechen!;
    Mr Miller can't \see you now Mr Miller ist im Moment nicht zu sprechen;
    the doctor will \see you now Sie können jetzt reingehen, der Herr Doktor ist jetzt frei;
    to \see a doctor/ a solicitor zum Arzt/zu einem Anwalt gehen, einen Arzt/einen Anwalt aufsuchen ( geh)
    to be \seeing sb mit jdm zusammen sein ( fam)
    I'm not \seeing anyone at the moment ich habe im Moment keine Freundin/keinen Freund;
    are you \seeing anyone? hast du einen Freund/eine Freundin?
    10) (envisage, foresee)
    to \see sth sich dat etw vorstellen;
    I \see a real chance of us meeting again ich glaube wirklich, dass wir uns wiedersehen;
    I can't \see him getting the job ich kann mir nicht vorstellen, dass er den Job bekommt;
    can you \see her as a teacher? kannst du dir sie als Lehrerin vorstellen?;
    do you \see... kannst du dir vorstellen,...;
    I can't \see myself as a waitress ich glaube nicht, dass Kellnern was für mich wäre;
    to \see it coming es kommen sehen
    11) (witness, experience)
    to \see sth etw [mit]erleben;
    2004 saw a slackening off in the growth of the economy 2004 kam es zu einer Verlangsamung des Wirtschaftswachstums;
    he won't \see 50 again er ist gut über 50;
    I've \seen it all mich überrascht nichts mehr;
    now I've \seen everything! ist denn das zu fassen!;
    I've \seen it all before das kenne ich alles schon!;
    to \see sb do sth [mit]erleben, wie jd etw tut;
    his parents saw him awarded the winner's medal seine Eltern waren mit dabei, als ihm die Siegermedaille überreicht wurde;
    I can't bear to \see people being mistreated ich ertrag es nicht, wenn Menschen misshandelt werden;
    to \see the day when... den Tag erleben, an dem...;
    to \see life das Leben kennen lernen;
    to live to \see sth etw erleben;
    I shall not live to \see it das werde ich wohl nicht mehr miterleben
    to \see sb jdn begleiten;
    to \see sb into bed jdn ins Bett bringen;
    to \see sb to the door [or out] / home jdn zur Tür/nach Hause bringen [o ( geh) begleiten];
    to \see sb into a taxi jdn zum Taxi bringen;
    I saw her safely into the house ich brachte sie sicher zum Haus
    sb wants to \see sth licence, passport jd möchte etw sehen; references, records jd möchte etw [ein]sehen;
    the policeman asked to \see my driving licence der Polizist wollte meinen Führerschein sehen;
    let me \see that lass mich das mal sehen
    \see... siehe...;
    \see below/ page 23/over[leaf] siehe unten/Seite 23/nächste Seite
    to \see sth in sb/ sth etw in jdm/etw sehen;
    I don't know what she \sees in him ich weiß nicht, was sie an ihm findet
    to \see sb right (Brit, Aus) (fam: help) jdm helfen [o behilflich sein]; ( pay or reimburse) aufpassen [o dafür sorgen], dass jd sein Geld [wieder]bekommt;
    to \see that sth happens dafür sorgen, dass etw passiert;
    \see that this doesn't happen again sieh zu, dass das nicht noch einmal passiert
    17) ( view)
    to \see sth house for sale [sich dat] etw ansehen
    to \see sb;
    I'll \see you ich halte
    PHRASES:
    let's \see the colour of your money first erst will ich dein Geld sehen! ( fam)
    to have \seen better days schon [einmal] bessere Tage gesehen haben;
    you couldn't \see him/her for dust man sah nur noch seine/ihre Staubwolke ( fam)
    if... you won't \see the dust of him/ her wenn..., wird er/sie die Fliege machen wie nichts (sl)
    he/she can't \see further than [or beyond] the end of his/ her nose er/sie sieht nicht weiter als seine/ihre Nasespitze [reicht] ( fam)
    to not have \seen hide nor hair of sb jdn nicht mal von hinten gesehen haben ( fam)
    I'll \see him/her in hell first das wäre das Letzte, was ich täte!;
    to \see the last [or (Brit, Aus) the back] of sb [endlich] jdn los sein ( fam)
    to \see the last [or (Brit, Aus) the back] of sth endlich etw überstanden haben;
    sb \sees the light ( understand) jdm geht ein Licht auf ( fam) ( become enlightened) jdm gehen die Augen auf ( fam) ( be converted) jd [er]schaut das Licht [Gottes] ( geh)
    to \see the light of day ( first appear) das Licht der Welt erblicken ( geh) ( o hum)
    to [go and] \see a man about a dog hingehen, wo auch der Kaiser zu Fuß hingeht (euph, hum) ( fam)
    to \see stars Sterne sehen ( fam)
    to be \seeing things sich dat etw einbilden, Halluzinationen haben;
    to \see one's way [clear] to doing sth es [sich dat] einrichten, etw zu tun;
    to not \see the wood [or (Am) the forest] for the trees den Wald vor [lauter] Bäumen nicht sehen ( hum) vi
    1) ( use eyes) sehen;
    I can't \see very well without my glasses ohne Brille kann ich nicht sehr gut sehen;
    ... but \seeing is believing... doch ich habe es mit eigenen Augen gesehen!;
    as far as the eye [or you] can \see so weit das Auge reicht
    2) ( look) sehen;
    let me \see! lass mich mal sehen!;
    \see for yourself! sieh doch selbst!;
    (in theatre etc.)
    can you \see? können Sie noch sehen?;
    there, \see, grandad's mended it for you schau mal, Opa hat es dir wieder repariert!
    3) (understand, realize)
    ... - oh, I \see!... - aha!;
    I \see ich verstehe;
    you \see! it wasn't that difficult was it? na siehst du, das war doch gar nicht so schwer!;
    \see, I don't love you anymore ich liebe dich einfach nicht mehr, o.k.? ( fam)
    you \see,... weißt du/wissen Sie,...;
    well, you \see, all these rooms are going to be decorated alle Zimmer werden natürlich noch renoviert;
    \see?! siehst du?!;
    as far as I can \see... so wie ich das sehe...;
    I \see from your report... Ihrem Bericht entnehme ich,...;
    ... so I \see... das sehe [o merke] ich
    4) (dated: as protest)
    now, \see here, I only bought this ticket a month ago also, dieses Ticket habe ich erst vor einem Monat gekauft!
    5) ( find out) nachsehen;
    ( in the future) herausfinden;
    wait and \see abwarten und Tee trinken ( fam)
    well, we'll \see schau ma mal! ( fam)
    let me \see lass mich mal überlegen;
    you'll \see du wirst schon sehen!;
    you'll soon \see for yourself du wirst es schon bald selbst sehen!
    PHRASES:
    to not \see eye to eye [with sb] nicht derselben Ansicht sein [wie jd];
    to \see fit to do sth es für angebracht halten, etw zu tun;
    to \see red rotsehen ( fam)
    to make sb \see red jdn zur Weißglut treiben ( fam)
    1. see [si:] n
    ( of bishop or archbishop) [Erz]bistum nt; ( Catholic) [Erz]diözese f;
    the Holy S\see der Heilige Stuhl

    English-German students dictionary > see

  • 15 rate

    [reɪt] n
    1) ( speed) Geschwindigkeit f;
    at a fast/slow \rate schnell/langsam;
    at a tremendous \rate rasend schnell;
    at one's own \rate in seinem eigenen Rhythmus [o Tempo];
    2) ( measure) Maß nt, Menge f;
    in the winter months there is usually a rise in the \rate of absenteeism in den Wintermonaten kommt es gewöhnlich zu einer Zunahme der Ausfälle;
    growth/inflation \rate Wachstums-/Inflationsrate f;
    mortality \rate Sterblichkeitsrate f, Sterblichkeitsziffer f;
    unemployment \rate Arbeitslosenrate f, Arbeitslosenzahlen fpl
    3) ( payment) Satz m;
    we agreed a \rate with the painter before he started work wir haben einen Stundensatz mit dem Maler vereinbart, bevor er mit der Arbeit begann;
    the going \rate die übliche Bezahlung
    4) ( premium payable) Zinssatz m; ( excise payable) Steuersatz m;
    fixed/variable \rate fester/variabler Zinssatz;
    high/low \rate of interest/ taxation [or interest/taxation \rate] hoher/niedriger Zins-/Steuersatz;
    interest \rates have risen again die Zinsen sind wieder gestiegen;
    the country has a high taxation \rate in dem Land sind die Steuern sehr hoch
    5) (Brit, Aus) (dated: local tax)
    \rates pl Haus- und Grundsteuern fpl
    PHRASES:
    at a \rate of knots ( fam) in null Komma nichts ( fam)
    at any \rate ( whatever happens) auf jeden Fall;
    ( at least) zumindest, wenigstens;
    I don't think they liked my idea - at any \rate, they didn't show much enthusiasm ich glaube nicht, dass sie meine Idee gut fanden - zumindest zeigten sie keine große Begeisterung;
    at this \rate unter diesen Umständen vt
    1) ( regard)
    to \rate sb/ sth jdn/etw einschätzen;
    how do you \rate the new government? was halten Sie von der neuen Regierung?;
    she is \rated very highly by the people she works for die Leute, für die sie arbeitet, halten große Stücke auf sie;
    she \rates him among her closest friends sie zählt ihn zu ihren engsten Freunden;
    to \rate sb as sth;
    how do you \rate him as a footballer? was hältst du von ihm als Fußballer? ( fam) ( fam);
    what do you think of her as a singer? - I don't really \rate her wie findest du sie als Sängerin? - nicht so toll ( fam)
    to \rate a mention der Rede wert [o erwähnenswert] sein
    3) (Brit, Aus) (dated: value)
    to \rate sth den besteuerbaren Wert einer S. gen schätzen, etw veranlagen;
    they \rate the property in this area very heavily Immobilienbesitz in dieser Gegend wird sehr hoch besteuert vi
    to \rate as sth als etw gelten;
    that \rates as the worst film I've ever seen das war so ziemlich der schlechteste Film, den ich jemals gesehen habe

    English-German students dictionary > rate

  • 16 sign

    A n
    1 ( symbolic mark) signe m, symbole m ; the pound/dollar sign le symbole de la livre/du dollar ;
    2 ( object) (roadsign, billboard) panneau m (for pour) ; (smaller, indicating opening hours) pancarte f ; (outside inn, shop) enseigne f ;
    3 ( gesture) geste m ; to make a rude sign faire un geste grossier ; to give sb a V sign faire un geste obscène à qn ; to make the sign of the cross faire le signe de la croix ;
    4 ( signal) signal m ; that will be the sign for us to leave ce sera le signal du départ or pour que nous partions ;
    5 ( visible evidence) signe m (of de) ; the first signs of global warming les premiers signes du réchauffement de la planète ; there was no sign of any troops il n'y avait pas l'ombre d'un soldat ; there was no sign of life at the Smiths' il n'y avait aucun signe de vie chez les Smith ; there was still no sign of them at midday à midi, ils n'étaient toujours pas arrivés ;
    6 (indication, pointer) signe m (of de) ; it's a sign of age c'est un signe qu'on vieillit ; it's a good/bad sign c'est bon/mauvais signe ; this is a sign that c'est signe que, ça indique que ; it's a sure sign that c'est la preuve que ; the signs are that tout indique que ; there is no sign ou there are no signs of il n'y a rien qui annonce [improvement, change, recovery, solution] ; there is little sign of an improvement il n'y a rien qui annonce vraiment une amélioration ; to show signs of montrer des signes de [stress, weakness, growth, talent] ; to show no signs of sth ne montrer aucun signe de qch ; to show signs of doing sembler faire ; she shows no signs of changing her mind rien ne laisse penser qu'elle va changer d'avis ; a sign of the times un signe des temps ;
    7 ⇒ The signs of the Zodiac Astrol ( of zodiac) signe m ; what sign are you? tu es de quel signe?
    B vtr
    1 ( put signature to) signer [agreement, letter, document] ; to sign one's own death warrant signer son arrêt de mort ; signed, sealed and delivered lit dûment signé et remis à qui de droit ; fig terminé ;
    2 ( on contract) engager [footballer, musician, band].
    C vi
    1 [person] signer ; sign for signer un reçu pour [key, parcel] ;
    2 Sport [player] signer son contrat (with avec ; for pour) ;
    3 ( signal) to sign to sb to do faire signe à qn de faire ;
    4 ( communicate in sign language) communiquer en langage des sourds-muets.
    ■ sign away:
    ▶ sign away [sth], sign [sth] away renoncer à [qch] par écrit [rights, inheritance].
    ■ sign in:
    ▶ sign in signer le registre (à l'arrivée) ;
    ▶ sign in [sb], sign [sb] in inscrire [guest].
    ■ sign off:
    1 ( on radio ou TV show) terminer ; this is X signing off and wishing you… c'était X qui vous souhaite… ;
    2 ( end letter) terminer.
    ■ sign on:
    ▶ sign on
    1 GB Soc Admin pointer au chômage ;
    2 ( commit oneself) (to training period, time in forces) s'engager ; ( for course of study) s'inscrire (for à, dans) ;
    ▶ sign on [sb] engager [player, employee].
    ■ sign out signer le registre (au départ) ; to sign out a library book GB signer quand on emprunte un livre dans une bibliothèque.
    ■ sign over:
    ▶ sign over [sth], sign [sth] over céder [qch] par écrit [estate, property].
    ■ sign up:
    ▶ sign up
    1 (in forces, by contract) s'engager ;
    2 ( for course) s'inscrire (for à, dans) ;
    ▶ sign up [sb] engager [player, filmstar].

    Big English-French dictionary > sign

  • 17 stunt

    stunt [stʌnt]
    1 noun
    (a) (feat) tour m de force, exploit m spectaculaire; (in plane) acrobatie f (aérienne);
    ∎ it was quite a stunt! il fallait le faire!
    (b) (by stunt man) cascade f;
    ∎ to do a stunt (in plane) faire des acrobaties; (stunt man) faire une cascade;
    ∎ to do one's own stunts (actor, actress) ne pas se faire doubler dans les scènes dangereuses
    (c) (trick) truc m; (hoax) farce f, canular m; (done to attract publicity) coup m de pub;
    ∎ to pull a stunt faire un canular ou une farce;
    ∎ it's just a stunt to raise money ce n'est qu'un truc ou une combine pour se faire de l'argent
    (d) (plant) plante f chétive ou rabougrie; (animal) = animal dont la croissance a été freinée
    (a) Aviation faire des acrobaties
    (b) Cinema & Television faire des cascades
    (impede → growth, development) retarder; (→ person) freiner ou retarder la croissance de; (→ intelligence) freiner le développement de
    ►► stunt driver conducteur m cascadeur, conductrice f cascadeuse;
    stunt driving cascades fpl automobiles;
    Aviation stunt flying vol m acrobatique;
    stunt man cascadeur m;
    stunt pilot pilote m de voltige aérienne, voltigeur m;
    stunt woman cascadeuse f

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > stunt

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 19 stunt

    I
    verb
    (to prevent or check the full growth or development of: It is thought that smoking by a pregnant mother may stunt the baby's growth.) atrofiar; impedir el desarrollo

    II
    (something (daring or spectacular) done to attract attention etc: One of his stunts was to cross the Niagara Falls blindfolded on a tight rope.) proeza
    stunt n escena peligrosa
    tr[stʌnt]
    1 (dangerous act) proeza; (in film) escena peligrosa
    2 (trick) truco, maniobra
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to pull a stunt cometer una estupidez
    stunt man / stunt woman doble nombre masulino o femenino, especialista nombre masulino o femenino
    ————————
    tr[stʌnt]
    1 (growth) atrofiar
    stunt ['stʌnt] vt
    : atrofiar
    : proeza f (acrobática)
    n.
    • maniobra sensacional s.f.
    • proeza s.f.
    • vuelo acrobático s.m.
    v.
    • atrofiar v.
    • hacer maniobras sensacionales v.

    I stʌnt
    1) ( feat of daring) proeza f

    she does all her own stunts — (Cin, TV) hace todas las escenas peligrosas ella misma; (before n)

    stuntman/woman — especialista mf

    2) (hoax, trick) truco m, maniobra f; ( publicity stunt) ardid m publicitario

    to pull a stunt on somebody — (colloq) hacerle* or gastarle una broma pesada a alguien


    II
    transitive verb detener*, atrofiar

    I
    [stʌnt]
    VT [+ tree, growth] impedir (el crecimiento de), atrofiar
    II [stʌnt]
    1. N
    1) (=feat) proeza f, hazaña f ; (for film) escena f peligrosa, toma f peligrosa; (Aer) vuelo m acrobático, ejercicio m acrobático
    2) (=publicity stunt) truco m publicitario
    2.
    VI (Aer) hacer vuelos acrobáticos
    3.
    CPD

    stunt flier N — aviador(a) m / f acrobático(-a)

    stunt kite N — cometa f acrobática

    * * *

    I [stʌnt]
    1) ( feat of daring) proeza f

    she does all her own stunts — (Cin, TV) hace todas las escenas peligrosas ella misma; (before n)

    stuntman/woman — especialista mf

    2) (hoax, trick) truco m, maniobra f; ( publicity stunt) ardid m publicitario

    to pull a stunt on somebody — (colloq) hacerle* or gastarle una broma pesada a alguien


    II
    transitive verb detener*, atrofiar

    English-spanish dictionary > stunt

  • 20 stunt

    I transitive verb
    hemmen, beeinträchtigen [Wachstum, Entwicklung]
    II noun
    halsbrecherisches Kunststück; (Cinemat.) Stunt, der; (Advertising) [Werbe]gag, der
    * * *
    I verb
    (to prevent or check the full growth or development of: It is thought that smoking by a pregnant mother may stunt the baby's growth.) hemmen
    - academic.ru/92216/stunted">stunted
    II
    (something (daring or spectacular) done to attract attention etc: One of his stunts was to cross the Niagara Falls blindfolded on a tight rope.) das Kunststück
    * * *
    stunt1
    [stʌnt]
    n
    1. FILM Stunt m
    to perform a \stunt einen Stunt vollführen
    2. (for publicity) Gag m, Trick m pej
    advertising \stunt Werbegag m, Trick m pej
    publicity \stunt Werbegag m; ( pej) Trick m
    to pull a \stunt ( fig fam) etwas Verrücktes tun
    stunt2
    [stʌnt]
    vt
    ▪ to \stunt sth etw hemmen [o beeinträchtigen] [o behindern]
    to \stunt economic growth das Wirtschaftswachstum hemmen
    to \stunt one's growth das Wachstum hemmen
    * * *
    I [stʌnt]
    n
    Kunststück nt, Nummer f; (= publicity stunt, trick) Gag m; (AVIAT) Kunststück nt; (FILM) Stunt m II
    vt (lit, fig)
    growth, development hemmen; trees, mind etc verkümmern lassen
    * * *
    stunt1 [stʌnt] v/t
    1. ein Kind, eine Industrie etc (im Wachstum, in der Entwicklung etc) hemmen:
    become stunted verkümmern
    2. verkümmern lassen:
    stunted verkümmert
    stunt2 [stʌnt]
    A s
    1. Kunststück n, Kraftakt m
    2. Sensation f:
    a) Schaunummer f
    b) Bravourstück n
    c) Schlager m
    3. FLUG Flugkunststück n:
    stunts pl Kunstflug m
    4. a) (toller) (Reklame- etc) Trick, Kunststückchen n
    b) FILM Stunt m (gefährliche Szene, in der ein Stuntman die Rolle des Darstellers übernimmt):
    do a stunt einen Stunt ausführen
    5. tolle Masche, tolles Ding
    B v/i
    1. (FLUG Flug)Kunststücke machen
    2. tolle Stückchen machen
    * * *
    I transitive verb
    hemmen, beeinträchtigen [Wachstum, Entwicklung]
    II noun
    halsbrecherisches Kunststück; (Cinemat.) Stunt, der; (Advertising) [Werbe]gag, der
    * * *
    n.
    Kunststück m. v.
    verkrüppeln v.

    English-german dictionary > stunt

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